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"Transshipment adalah praktik umum yang dilakukan oleh individu dalam bisnis perikanan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas penangkapan ikan dan mengurangi biaya bahan bakar dan dapat dianggap sebagai praktik yang hemat biaya. Namun praktik ini menjadi bahan perdebatan karena mengarah pada Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing. Illegal Transshipment mengaburkan transparansi penangkapan ikan karena sulitnya melacak di mana dan bagaimana ikan ditangkap, dan dengan demikian menyebabkan kurangnya pengawasan dalam praktiknya. Indonesia dan Panama adalah dua dari banyak negara yang wilayahnya menjadi hotspot praktik transshipment. Hal ini karena Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan yang luas dan pusat perdagangan perikanan di Asia Tenggara. Di sisi lain, Panama merupakan salah satu pusat perdagangan di mana sebagian besar kargo dari atau ke Panama tiba di tujuannya melalui proses transshipment. Regulasi antara Indonesia dan Panama mengenai transhipment diatur melalui regulasi nasional masing-masing negara, serta regulasi dari organisasi internasional dan regional seperti Uni Eropa dan Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs). Melalui metode penelitian hukum normatif akan dianalisis bagaimana prosedur transshipment diatur menurut hukum Indonesia dan Panama, beserta persamaan dan perbedaannya. Penelitian ini juga menjelaskan keterkaitan antara praktik Illegal Transshipment dengan IUU Fishing. Penelitian ini kemudian menyarankan agar prosedur transshipment dibahas dan diatur dalam undang-undang perikanan Indonesia dan Panama, perlunya International Fishing License yang berbeda untuk kapal Indonesia yang melakukan layanan internasional dan harus ada unit penegak hukum dari RFMO yang wilayahnya sering terjadi transshipment.

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Transshipment is a common practice carried out by individuals in the fishery business to increase the effectiveness of fishing and reduce fuel costs in order fft to be considered cost-effecive practices. However, this practice has become a matterrof debate because it leads to Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing. Illegal Transshipment obscures the transparency of fishing due to its difficulty to track where and how the fish are caught, and thus leading to a lack of oversight in the practice. Indonesia and Panama are two of the many countries whose territory is a hotspot for transshipment practices. This is because Indonesia is a vast archipelagic country and fishing trade center in South East Asia. On the other hand, Panama is one of the trade centers where most of the cargo from or to Panama arrives at its destination through the transshipment process. Regulations between Indonesia and Panama regarding transshipment are regulated through the national regulations of their respective countries, as well as regulations from international and regional organizations such as the European Union and Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs). Through the normative legal research method will analyze how the transshipment procedures are regulated according to Indonesian and Panamanian laws, along with its similarities and differences. This study also explained the link between Illegal Transshipment practices and IUU Fishing. This research then suggests that transshipment procedures is discussed and regulated in the Indonesian and Panamanian fisheries laws, the need for a different International Fishing License for Indonesian vessels that perform international services and there must be a law enforcement unit from RFMOs whose areas often occur transshipment."

"Kemajuan teknologi informasi mendorong perbankan sebagai institusi keuangan untuk berinovasi dalam layanan keuangannya. Transformasi digital perbankan, seperti yang diinisiasi dalam Blueprint Sistem Pembayaran Indonesia, bertujuan meningkatkan efisiensi layanan dengan melakukan adopsi teknologi. Namun, proses ini juga menghadirkan tantangan, salah satunya risiko shadow banking. Eksistensi financial technology (fintech) dan lembaga keuangan non-bank yang menyediakan layanan serupa dengan perbankan dapat membawa dampak negatif terhadap stabilitas sistem keuangan jika tidak didukung regulasi yang kuat. Shadow banking menjadi isu penting sejak Krisis Keuangan Global, karena dapat mengancam stabilitas keuangan nasional, termasuk perbankan. Di sisi lain, Open Banking muncul sebagai inovasi teknologi berbasis Open Application Programming Interface (API) yang memungkinkan keterhubungan antara bank dan fintech, menciptakan ekosistem keuangan inklusif dengan bank sebagai lembaga utama. Penelitian ini menganalisis transformasi digital perbankan di Indonesia melalui kebijakan Open Banking, eksistensi lembaga keuangan non-bank, serta risiko shadow banking. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal dan pendekatan deskriptif-analitis, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa shadow banking, meskipun diatur dalam regulasi tertentu, masih diwarnai oleh aktivitas ilegal lembaga non-bank yang mengancam stabilitas keuangan. Open Banking, sebagai bagian dari Blueprint Sistem Pembayaran Indonesia 2030, dirancang untuk menghubungkan bank dan fintech sehingga memperluas inklusi keuangan dan meminimalkan risiko shadow banking. Melalui kerangka open banking, lembaga non-bank yang terhubung wajib mematuhi standar regulasi yang ketat layaknya perbankan. Selain dari konteks regulasi, open banking juga membantu masyarakat dalam memilih produk layanan keuangan non-bank yang aman dan berizin sehingga mempersempit ruang gerak aktivitas keuangan ilegal. Dengan demikian, kebijakan ini tidak hanya memperluas inklusi keuangan tetapi juga memperkuat stabilitas sistem keuangan dengan mengintegrasikan lembaga non-bank ke dalam ekosistem yang diawasi secara komprehensif.

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The advancement of information technology has driven banks, as financial institutions, to innovate their services. Digital transformation of banking, as initiated in the Indonesia Payment System Blueprint, aims to enhance service efficiency through technological adoption. However, this process also presents challenges, one of which is the risk of shadow banking. The presence of financial technology (fintech) and non-bank financial institutions offering similar services to traditional banks can negatively impact financial system stability if not supported by robust regulations. Shadow banking has been a significant concern since the Global Financial Crisis, as it poses threats to national financial stability, including conventional banks. On the other hand, Open Banking emerges as an innovative technology based on Open Application Programming Interface (API), facilitating connectivity between banks and fintechs to create an inclusive financial ecosystem with banks as the central institutions. This study examines the digital transformation of banking in Indonesia through Open Banking policies, the existence of non-bank financial institutions, and the risks of shadow banking. Using doctrinal research methods and a descriptive-analytical approach, the study finds that despite existing regulations, shadow banking is still marked by illegal activities from non-bank entities that threaten financial stability. Open Banking, as part of the Indonesia Payment System Blueprint 2030, is designed to connect banks and fintechs, expanding financial inclusion and mitigating shadow banking risks. Through its framework, non-bank entities connected to Open Banking must comply with stringent regulatory standards akin to those governing banks. Additionally, Open Banking assists the public in choosing safe and licensed financial services, narrowing the space for illegal financial activities. Therefore, this policy not only broadens financial inclusion but also strengthens financial system stability by integrating non-bank entities into a comprehensively supervised ecosystem."