Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Ruang lingkup dan cara penelitian: Fenomena "ferning'', yaitu gambaran mirip daun pakis yang dibentuk oleh garam-garam khususnya NaCl, bila saliva atau lendir serviks dikeringanginkan, akan muncul jika terdapat hormon estrogen. Fenomena ini akan menghilang jika estrogen berada dalam kadar yang amat rendah, atau akibat pengaruh keberadaan hormon progesteron pada fase luteal siklus haid. Konsentrasi kedua hormon tersebut dalam saliva berkorelasi amat erat dengan konsentrasinya dalam darah. Fenomena ini mudah diamati dan cukup dapat diandalkan untuk memperkirakan ovulasi. "Ferning" saliva dapat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor eksternal termasuk aktivitas menggosok gigi, namun sampai saat ini belum ada penelitian yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui kapan pengambilan saliva yang paling baik guna memperoleh hasil yang memuaskan. Penelitian untuk menjelaskan pengaruh menggosok gigi terhadap fenomena "Ferning" amat penting untuk mendapatkan hasil terbaik dalam memantau face fertil siklus haid. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menilai kemunculan "ferning" saliva pagi hari sebelum dan sesudah menggosok gigi, dengan hipotesis bahwa "ferning" muncul pada saliva sebelum dan sesudah menggosok gigi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasi pada satu kelompok wanita dengan siklus haid normal yang diambil sampel salivanya dua kali berturut-turut pada pagi hari sebelum menggosok gigi dan satu jam kemudian sesudah menggosok gigi sebelum makan apapun, pada hari ke-7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, dan 22 siklus haid antara pk.05.00 - 08.00. Gelas saji yang telah berisi cairan saliva yang telah dikeringanginkan dibawa ke laboratorium untuk diperiksa di bawah mikroskop, dibuat sajian fotomikrograf dan dicetak untuk dinilai. Penilaian hasil foto dilakukan secara buta. Kode pada foto dibuat oleh pembimbing. Selanjutnya foto dinilai dengan memberi tanda positif (+) pada foto yang memiliki "ferning", dan tanda negatif (-) pada foto tanpa "ferning". Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah uji statistik nonparametrik McNemar dengan batas kemaknaan α= 5%. Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Fenomena "ferning" saliva pagi hari sebelum dan sesudah menggosok gigi muncul hanya pada hari ke-7 dan 8 siklus, sesuai dengan uji statistik nonparametrik McNemar (p = 0,4265). Dari segi kliinis berdasarkan uji sensitivitas dan spesifisitas, keberadaan "ferning" saliva sebelum dan sesudah menggosok gigi dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memantau kesuburan siklus, khususnya bagi pasangan yang menghindari kehamilan. Berdasarkan persentase hilangnya "ferning" sesudah menggosok gigi yang cukup tinggi pada fase periovulasi, pemanfaatan "ferning" saliva untuk memantau kesuburan siklus sebaiknya diambil dari sampel saliva sebelum menggosok gigi.

---

ABSTRACT Scope and method of study: Ferning phenomenon, "fern-like pattern" configuration of NaCl, when the saliva or cervical mucus where air-dried naturally, will normally show up in the present of estrogen. This phenomenon will disappear in the absent of estrogen or in the influence of progesterone in luteal phase of menstrual cycle. The salivary concentration of these hormones are correlated strongly with their blood concentration. The phenomenon can be used to predict ovulation quite easily and reliable. Salivary ferning could be affected by several external factors included tooth brushing activity, but until presently, no study has been made in determining the best time for salivary sample collection to obtain best results. Research to elucidate the effect of tooth brushing on the ferning phenomenon is considered very important to get the best way in monitoring fertile phase of menstrual cycle. The purpose of this study is to observed the existence of salivary ferning early in the morning before and after tooth brushing. It was hypothesized that the ferning phenomena will show up similarly before and after tooth brushing. Observational method was applied in this study to a group of women with normal cycle. The salivary samples were taken 2 times in the morning before tooth brushing and one hour after tooth brushing, before meal on the 7th, 8th, 9eh, 13th, 14th, 15th, and 22" days of cycles between 05:00 and 08:00 am. The glass slides containing salivary sample were air-dried naturally in room temperature and assessed microscopically. Photomicrographs were then produced and coded by the supervisor to be evaluated blindly thereafter. Positive marks (+) were given to the photomicrographs in which the ferning pattern can be found, and negative marks (-) to the others in which the ferning pattern can not be identified. McNemar nonparametric statistical test was applied on α = 5%. Result and conclusion: Salivary ferning phenomena before and after tooth brushing were found to be imilarly good only on day 7th and 8th and were supported by McNemar nonparametric statistical test (p = 0,4265). On the clinical point of view, based on sensitivity and specificity test, salivary ferning before and after tooth brushing can be used to monitor ovulatory cycle, if pregnancy is to be avoided. Using salivary.ferning for monitoring ovulatory cycle are better taken before tooth brushing because the percentage of losing salivary ferning phenomena after tooth brushing is quite high in periovulatory phase.

Abstrak :
Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch AUDEBERT 1797) is one of at least thirteen species of gibbons, which make up the Family Hylobatidae (Groves 2001: 289). The Javan gibbon is endemic to Java, Indonesia and now found only in fragmented forest tracts in the western and central portions of the island. As such, the conservation of this species has 'become a high priority for the government of Indonesia and the World. Habitat loss combined with illegal hunting and live capture has reduced the-Javan gibbon numbers in the wild to under 5000 individuals. Javan gibbon populations in zoos worldwide number less than 10 successful breeding pairs and live births have been extremely rare. The reasons for the low breeding success among captive Javan gibbons is not well understood but are likely to stem from a very limited knowledge of the basic reproductive biology/behavior. Expansion of genetic diversity and animal numbers in demographically isolated captive and wild populations are urgently required. Therefore, studies addressing female reproductive biology, particularly in providing data on the ovarian hormone profiles during ovarian cycle so to determine optimal mating time for assisted breeding, are a high priority. This study aims to provide a detailed knowledge of basic reproductive biology in female Javan gibbons in captivity which is vital to promote population growth in captivity. This study was carried out to : (1) deine the endocrinology of the ovarian cycle in Javan gibbon by direct measurement of estradiol and progesterone in serum samples, (2) use serum hormones profiles to detennine the ovarian cycle and to predict the fertile phase of the cycle or Optimal Mating Time (GMT), (3) characterize the changes in vaginal epithelium and genital swelling, (4) evaluate cytological changes as Maturation Index (Ml), (5) correspond the similarity pattern of MI and genital swelling during ovarian cycle related to ovarian hormone profiles, and (6) monitor the time allocated to primary daily activity by captive-housed female Javan gibbons (Hylobales moloch) during their sexual cycle that live in pair to distinguish estrous period fiom anestrous one. This study was carried out from June 2003 to December 2003 for daily activity observations at Schmutzer Primate Center, Ragunan Zoo, Jakarta and Taman Sari Zoo, Bandung, and from September 2004 to April 2005 for blood sampling at Ragunan Zoo, Jakarta and Taman Sari Zoo, Bandung. This is an exploration research that was conducted by daily observation and followed by blood sampling. Cycle status of all females was assessed daily by rating genital swelling following Czekala & Sicotte (2000: 210). Visual inspections of each gibbon sexual skin were observed daily for sign of swelling at 10 to 20 cm distance, while the animals are in caged as suggested by Heistermann et al. (1996: 845). The degree of wrinkling and the size of the labia minora will represent the primary physical features for evaluating changes in sex skin swelling during) the menstrual cycle. Four grades of were scored: 1 - no swelling; 2 - slightly swollen; 3 - nearly full swelling; 4 - fully swollen with additional coloration; Observations and sampling were conducted 2-month period that covered one complete ovarian cycle. Blood samples and vaginal swabs were taken at intervals of 3 to 4 days for the 2-month period. All sampling were conducted while the animal was under kethamine sedation; approximately 3 ml of blood was drawn from the femoral vein per sample. Blood collection was conducted by an experienced veterinarian or veterinarian technician on staff at the respective zoo in accordance with approved animal care and use protocols. Serum was drawn oif and stored in sealed vials at -20°C prior to EIA analysis to measure estrogen and progesterone levels during the ovarian cycle. Daily observation was conducted to see how the limited area will influences their behavior including their reproductive behavior related to their hormonal regulation. Daily observations were divided into 2 (two) conditions, i.e. daily activity during esuus and during anestrus phase of the cycle. The vaginal morphology scores used to define estrus and anestrus phase. Estrous females were judged when the swelling scores were more than 1. The daily activities of 2 (two) female gibbons which were paired in each captivity were recorded base on ad-libitum method (Altmann 1974: 235). Observations were made by one observer, on an average of 5 to 6 days per week from 09:00 a.m. to 03:00 p.m. The Scan Sampling Method with five minutes duration for each sample point was used (Altmann 1974: 259), during visiting hours at both captivities. To measure the activity budgets, Dunbar (1988) methods was used. Activities of the animals were recorded, namely resting, moving, feeding, and grooming (in Matsumoto-Oda &. Oda 1998: 160), plus calling activity was added to be recorded, since gibbon?s calling is significantly spent during activity. Results of this study were concluded as follows: The secretion patterns of estradiol and progesterone in serum Samples gave a reliable reflection of ovarian activity in captive-housed Javan gibbon. The range concentrations in cycling females of estradiol were 47.64 to 104.35 pg/ml and of progesterone were 0.5 to 10 ng/ml. The length of ovarian cycles was found to be 29 and 38 days, with follicular phase ranged from I9 to 24 days and luteal phase ranged from 7 to I2 days. The Optimal Mating Time was lasted 3 days after the day of estradiol surge or first day that progesterone levels begin to rise. From this study, two cycling females (0wa 1 and Owa 2) from Ragunan Zoo, displayed the lengths of the ovarian cycle ranging between 29 to 38 days. Two other females which live with their partners (Ulah at Schmutzer and Donna at Taman Sari Zoo) also displayed the length of the ovarian cycle by genital swelling observation. Their ovarian cycle length ranged between 29 to 30 days (for Ulah) and 26 to 36 days (for Donna). Despite the small sample and variability among animals, the limited subject animals using in this study gave an average ovarian cycle length of 315: 4.23 days, almost similar with other higher primates and human. This study also found that genital swelling indicated correlationwith fluctuated estradiol values and could be useful as external marker to predict fertile phase of the cycle. The pattems of vaginal cytology were not consistent in all subjects during sampling period, theneafterthe patterns of comilication did not reliably reflect the physiological status ofthe animal, in contrast to many other species. Superficial cells presented throughout the cycle during sampling period corresponded with estrogen levels which never reach basal values. Cycling female gibbons that live with their partners, demonstrated that in eslxous period, female tended to spend more time on calling, moving, and grooming. The dominant time spent on daily activity was for moving, that include brachiating leading to accommodate consortship behavior. Time spent for moving shown significantly different between estrus and anestrus, while feeding was less significant because of the availability of the food in captivity. They were more active in estrous than in anesmous condition.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK


Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang kandungan merkuri dari dua spesies ikan yaitu lkan gabus (Channa striata Fowler) dan ikan sepat (Trichogaster trichopterus Pallas) yang diambil dari lima stasiun yang telah ditentukan di sepanjang sungai Sunter dari hulu hingga ke hilir. Selain dari itu telah diperiksa pula kandungan merkuri pada air sungai dari ke lima stasiun tersebut.

Pengukuran kandungan merkuri pada sampel ikan dan sampel air dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat Serapan Atom Tanpa Nyala atau AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer).

Kandungan merkuri rata-rata pada lkan sepat bervariasi antara 0,948 - 2,662 ppm, sedangkan pada ikan gabus bervariasi antara 0,146 - 1,258 ppm. Kandungan merkuri rata-rata pada seluruh sampel ikan sepat melebihi baku mutu kandungan merkuri yang diperbolehkan oleh berbagai organisasi internasional, sedangkan pada ikan gabus kandungan merkuri rata-rata yang melebihi baku mutu berasal dari stasiun Pondok Ranggon dan stasiun Pulo Gadung. Kandungan merkuri air sungai pada seluruh stasiun tercatat kurang dari 1 ppb, yang merupakan baku mutu yang diperbolehkan oleh berbagai organisasi internasional.

Dengan membandingkan kandungan merkuri pada ikan dan kandungan merkuri pada air sungai diketahui faktor biokonsentrasi pada masing-masing spesies ikan. Faktor biokonsentrasi ikan gabus berkisar antara 395 - 2995 sedang faktor biokonsentrasi ikan sepat berkisar antara 2216 - 6338.

Dari analisis korelasi jenjang Spearman diketahui adanya korelasi antara kandungan merkuri pada air sungai dengan kandungan merkuri pada lkan sepat dan tldak adanya korelasi antara kandungan merkuri pada air sungai dengan kandungan merkuri pada ikan gabus.