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Abstrak :
Dalam pengelolaan suatu usaha ekonomi, modal merupakan salah satu komponen yang panting yang memungkinkan terlaksananya seluruh kegiatan usaha. Kemampuan pengusaha dalam mongadakan dan membina modal merupakan salah satu faktor yang menentukan kelangsungan dan perkombangan usaha yang dikelolanya. Bagi para pengusaha ekonomi lemah, terbatasnya kemampuan moreka dalam bidang pengadaan modal dapat merupakan salah satu penghambat perkembangan usaha mereka. Berbagai jalan telah ditempuh pemerintah dalam rangka mengembangkan usaha para pengusaha ekonomi lemah untuk dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan hidupnya. Salah satu di antaranya

Abstrak :
Dalam rangka peningkatan pendapatan negara dan kepatuhan Wajib Pajak, Kebijakan Pengampunan Pajak diberlakukan lewat Undang-Undang Nomor 11 tahun 2016. Namun, masih terdapat banyak hambatan dalam pelaksanaan kebijakan ini khususnya terkait pengelakan pajak dan pelaksanaan terhadap sanksinya. Skirpsi ini akan menganalisis sanksi dalam hukum pajak dan hukum perdata terhadap suatu perjanjian utang piutang yang di mark up nominal utangnya untuk memperkecil uang tebusan dalam kebijakan Pengampunan Pajak serta mencari pengaturan yang ideal untuk meminimalisir celah hukum yang dapat terjadi dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 tahun 2016 tentang Pengampunan Pajak. Metode Penelitian dilakukan secara yuridis normatif dengan menelaah buku, peraturan perundang-undangan serta wawancara. Dari analisa yang dilakukan dalam skripsi ini, disimpulkan bahwa belum ada pengaturan sanksi dalam Undang-Undang Amnesti Pajak mengenai mark up nominal utang sebagai dokumen yang tidak benar yang sengaja dilampirkan. Sehingga sebelum kebijaan ini berakhir hendaknya perlu diatur mengenai hal tersebut untuk memberikan kepastian hukum dalam Undang-Undang Pengampunan Pajak. ......Due to increasing compliance of the tax payer and the state income, Tax Amnesty policy was implemented with Act. No 11 Year 2016. Therefore there is still obstacle and difficulty to implement this policy, such as tax evasion and the law enforcement for the tax sanctions. This thesis will analyze the sanctions in tax law and private law due to a marking up debt rsquo s nominal in Loan Agreement to minimize the real transaction in Tax Amnesty policy, also to find the ideal regulation regarding the loopholes that can happened in Act. No 11 Year 2016 on Tax Amnesty. This research using juridical normative method by analyze the issue based on the books, regulations, and depth interview with the expert interviewees. The conclusion from this research is that there is no specific sanctions from Tax Amnesty policy for Debt Nominal rsquo s Mark Up as an invalid Loan Agreement document. So before this policy all over, it is necessary to regulate the sanction that could provide legal certainty in Tax Amnesty policy.

Abstrak :
From generation to generation over the centuries, people in all parts of the world have developed adaptive social-cultural institutions and strategies of natural resource management based on the intimate relationship they had with their environment. At present, recent global warming is threatening people?s lives. Unfortunately, climate change is a natural phenomenon which is neither easy to observe, nor to predict and anticipate accurately. In many places, local people can no longer rely on earlier experiences and existing socio-cultural institutions to adjust to unprecedented changes. We are in urgent need of specific efforts to re-interpret and enrich our knowledge of this natural phenomenon. However, this is not an easy thing to do. People from all kinds of levels and entities in society are simultaneously the cause and the victims of global warming. The problem becomes even more complicated because of various mutually-affecting dimensions like ethics, politics, power, economics, and justice. These are theultimate challenges scholars of the social sciences and humanities need to address seriously everywhere in the world, including in Indonesia. This article addresses the arguments of what scholars in the social sciences and humanities could and should do in response to climate change. Promoting a new paradigm and ethics in dealing with climate change is urgent and improvements in approaches and research methodologies are necessary. Learning from experiences gained from the way farmers in Java respond to climate change, the author argues that interdisciplinary research across social and natural sciences, and collaborative work with target groups is a promising and significant step (although scholars will have to face many challenges and constraints).

Abstrak :
It is a reality that our environment has become degraded due to various human activities without any concerns for the long-term sustainable implication on both nature and the people who have for generations developed social-cultural institutions to protect their environment in a sustainable manner. The problems have been more severe due to the alienation of local people in their own habitat and the replacement of their roles by those who have power and authority in introducing various kinds of development programmes. There have been no linkages between the physical and natural processes as the consequences of those programmes with people?s empirical knowledge. It is now high time to ?humanize people? again in their own environment. An interdisciplinary approach is indeed necessary. Anthropology can play a significant role in providing the ?knot? in the network of science-technology-policy on the one hand, and people?s lives on the other hand. Trans-disciplinary research and collaboration with local people have to be developed further. Anthropologists can be the ?cultural translators? for various parties who have different objectives, knowledge, perspectives, and strategies in resource management. This inauguration paper addresses this issue by exemplifying the problems faced by farmers in Indonesia who have been alienated in their own lands since the onset of the Green Revolution in food crop production and how an anthropologist can contribute to the return of farmers? dignity and creativity.

Abstrak :
Non-processual approaches in anthropology have been heavily criticized for not providing an adequate framework for explaining the emergence of socio-cultural phenomena, and the processes and mechanisms of change. Socio-cultural life is undeniably dynamic and everchanging. In facing this matter many anthropologists have turned to a processual approach in studying the dynamics of culture in the last two decades. In this article the author shows how the a processual approach is applied to the study of cultural dynamics. The author begins by discussing the unit of analysis and focus of study in a processual approach. Following that, she discusses the implication of this upon the methods and strategies for uncovering, describing and explaining change. The author also shows how this approach can uncover the heterogeneous nature of a socio-cultural phenomenon and the extent to which that heterogeneity allows change to occur. Her arguments are based upon empirical cases of knowledge transmission and formation among farmers in several locations on the north coast of West Java and Central Lampung.

Abstrak :
For three decades, the management of natural resources has been oriented towards increased production and profit in the national economy or for certain stakeholders, sacrificing conservation and the prosperity of local people. The unavoidable results are the deterioration of natural resources, ecological pollution, and a decline in the people's ways and standards of living. This paper attempts to show that the sustainable management of natural resources can only be achieved if the state surrenders its domination and delegate rights to the local people as active actors. Besides the stories of how rich local knowledge, are some studies point out that local people have limited knowledge of the ecosystem, which carries the implication of weaknesses in natural resource management. Other cases focus on how the social institution (rules, conventions and control mechanisms) needed to overcome the problems of resource management has not been internalized, or has either been marginalized, or substituted by ineffective government institutions. The cases of rice farmers in Lampung and fish farmers in South Sulawesi as illustrated in this paper will show that special attention should be given to the enrichment of local knowledge, along with the creation, establishment and development of social institutions. For the sustainable management of natural resources in this country, it is important to consider the local people's rights of managing resources on their own, and the need for facilitation on the basis of partnership.