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Abstrak :
Masalah externalizing problem behavior (EPB) umum dialami anak di tahap early childhood. Pada tahap ini anak mengandalkan orang tua untuk membantu mengarahkan perilaku mereka. Namun, tidak semua orang tua mampu menangani EPB yang ditampilkan anaknya. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aspek kognitif pengasuhan, berupa parenting self-efficacy (PSE) memiliki kontribusi yang cukup konsisten terhadap EPB anak. Faktor internal anak berupa executive function juga ditemukan secara konsisten dapat memprediksi EPB anak. Berbagai hasil penelitian juga mengindikasikan bahwa PSE berkaitan dengan EF. Walaupun demikian, dinamika antar ketiganya belum pernah diteliti. Dalam penelitian ini akan diperiksa bagaimana kaitan antara PSE dengan EF anak. Secara lebih mendalam, penelitian ini juga memeriksa peranan EF anak sebagai mediator antara hubungan PSE dengan EPB anak. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 243 orang tua yang memiliki anak berusia 3 tahun 0 bulan sampai 8 tahun 0 bulan tanpa masalah perkembangan, neurologis, maupun psikologis. Berdasarkan hasil analisis mediasi melalui PROCESS Hayes, ditemukan bahwa PSE mampu memprediksi EF anak dan kaitan antara PSE dengan EPB anak sepenuhnya dimediasi oleh EF anak. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam menangani EPB anak, perlu mempertimbangkan PSE orang tua dan kemampuan EF anak ......Externalizing problem behavior (EPB) is common in early childhood. During this phase, children will rely on parents to help them guiding their behavior, but not every parent are able to handle EPB of their children. Studies found that cognitive aspects of parenting, such as parenting self-efficacy (PSE), have a consistent contribution towards children’s EPB. Internal factor from children, which is executive function (EF) was also found consistently predicting children’s EPB. Results from several studies also indicated that PSE is related to EF. However, the dynamic between them have not been examined. In this study, the relationship between children’s PSE and EF will be examined. This study will also examine the role of children’s EF as a mediator between children’s PSE and EPB further. Participants were 243 parents who have 3 years old 0 months until 8 years old 0 months children without any developmental, neurological, or any psychological problem. Based on PROCESS Hayes mediation analysis, it was found that PSE is able to predict children’s EF, and relationship between PSE and children’s EPB is fully mediated by children’s EF. This result shows that in order to handle children’s EPB, parents’ PSE and children’s EF have to be considered

Abstrak :
Selama menghadapi proses adaptasi, mahasiswa tahun pertama rentan mengalami stres akademik yang tinggi. Berbagai usaha dapat dilakukan untuk menurunkan pengaruh stres akademik terhadap subjective well being (SWB) salah satunya dengan memiliki tingkat optimisme yang tinggi. Dalam penelitian ini akan dilihat bagaimana pengaruh optimisme dalam memoderasi pengaruh stres akademik terhadap SWB. Terdapat 4 alat ukur yang digunakan, meliputi The Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al. 1988), The Satisfaction With Life Scale (Diener et al. 1985), Student-life Stress Inventory (Gadzella, 1994), dan Life Orientation Test-Revised (Scheier & Carver, 1994). Dari 215 partisipan ditemukan bahwa stres akademik secara signifikan menurunkan SWB (t(213)=-7,119, p<0,05), dimana 18,8% varians dari skor SWB dapat dijelaskan oleh stres akademik. Optimisme secara signifikan meningkatkan subjective well-being (t(213)=5,271, p<0,05), dimana 11,1% varians dari skor SWB dapat dijelaskan oleh optimisme. Walaupun demikian, peningkatan optimisme tidak memperlemah pengaruh stres akademik terhadap subjective well-being pada mahasiswa tingkat pertama (t(211)=0,491, p>0,05), dimana 24,5% dari skor SWB dapat dijelaskan oleh stres akademik dan optimisme. Penelitian ini dapat bermanfaat untuk memberikan bahan dalam penyusunan intervensi pada mahasiswa yang memiliki masalah dalam prestasi akademis yang disebabkan oleh stres akademis. ......The first-year undergraduate students are prone to academic stress. Various ways can be done to reduce the influence of academic stress on subjective well-being, one of which by having a high level of optimism. This study examined the effect of academic stres on subjective well-being with optimism as the moderator among first year undergraduates. This study used 4 measures, which were the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al. 1988), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (Diener et al. 1985), the Student-Life Stress Inventory (Gadzella, 1994), and the Life Orientation Test-Revised (Scheier & Carver, 1994). This study found that academic stress descreased subjective well-being significantly (t(213)=-7,119, p<0,05), where 18,8% of SWB variance was explained by academic stress. On the other hand, optimism increased subjective well-being significantly (t(213)=5,271, p<0,05), where 11,1% of SWB variance was explained by optimism. Nevertheless, the increase in optimism did not lessen the influence of academic stress on subjective well-being among first-year undergraduate students (t(211)=0,491, p>0,05), where 24,5% of SWB variance was explained by academic stress and optimism. This research is useful in providing material for the preparation of interventions on students who have problems in academic performance due to academic stress.