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Abstrak :
Kebijakan pemerintah membangun kawasan dan pemberian status kawasan khusus pada daerah tertentu seperti KEK, FTZ, dan KSN untuk menarik investasi, merupakan bentuk aglomerasi spasial ekonomi di Indonesia. Eksternalitas positif dari aglomerasi tersebut akan menghasilkan efisiensi biaya-biaya akuisisi usaha, faktor produksi, dan informasi. Oleh karena itu, aglomerasi dapat menarik pertumbuhan realisasi investasi penanaman modal asing (PMA). Penelitian ini mengukur dampak aglomerasi akibat kebijakan pemerintah dalam menarik PMA yang didasarkan atas tipe sumber dana investasi (asing atau lokal) serta dikontrol oleh beberapa faktor determinan investasi lainnya. Menggunakan regresi data panel dari 34 provinsi di Indonesia dengan periode waktu 2013–2019, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aglomerasi investasi asing berdampak positif bagi PMA. ......Government policy to establish regional concentration and the granting special area status to certain areas such as KEK, FTZ, and KSN to attract investment, is a form of economic spatial agglomeration in Indonesia. Positive externalities coming from agglomeration results in the reduction of business acquisition costs, production factors, and information. Therefore, agglomeration can encourage the growth of foreign direct investment (FDI). This study measures the impact of agglomeration on the FDI based on the type of source of investment funds (foreign or local) and controlled by several other determinants. Using a panel of regression data from 34 provinces in Indonesia with a time period of 2013 - 2019, the results show that the agglomeration of foreign investment has a positive impact on FDI.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAKbr Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh tipe diskresi akuntansi yang dilakukan manajemen bank atas LLP terhadap kedisiplinan risiko perbankan di ASEAN. Pada pendekatan ex-ante market discipline, bank akan disiplin terhadap risiko dengan menyesuaikan leverage. Risiko sebenarnya dari aset pinjaman adalah nilai NPL, sehingga setelah dianalisis melalui pengujian statistik terhadap sampel bank yang terdaftar di pasar modal di ASEAN, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa tipe forward-NPL akan menyebabkan kedisiplinan risiko bank meningkat. Akan tetapi, perilaku manajemen yang menggunakan tujuan income smoothing dalam menentukan nilai LLP, menyebabkan informasi risiko yang disajikan bank tidak relevan. Oleh karena itu, tipe smoothing menyebabkan kedisiplinan risiko bank menurun.;This research will analyze the effect of accounting discretion type that is done by the management on LLP to the discipline of bank risk-taking in ASEAN. Using ex-ante approach, a bank will discipline itself in the face of an increase of risk by decreasing the leverage. . The real risk level of a loan is actually shown on the amount of future non-performing loan (NPL), so, after analyzing the sample of banks listing in ASEAN countries’ stock market, the writer concluded that the forward-NPL type will cause the discipine of bank risk-taking better. . In contrast, the untrue information that prepared by the management will deteriorate the effectiveness of market discipline, if they use income smoothing to book the amount of LLP, so that the smoothing type will cause the discipline of bank risktaking worse., This research will analyze the effect of accounting discretion type that is done by the management on LLP to the discipline of bank risk-taking in ASEAN. Using ex-ante approach, a bank will discipline itself in the face of an increase of risk by decreasing the leverage. . The real risk level of a loan is actually shown on the amount of future non-performing loan (NPL), so, after analyzing the sample of banks listing in ASEAN countries’ stock market, the writer concluded that the forward-NPL type will cause the discipine of bank risk-taking better. . In contrast, the untrue information that prepared by the management will deteriorate the effectiveness of market discipline, if they use income smoothing to book the amount of LLP, so that the smoothing type will cause the discipline of bank risktaking worse.]