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"[Teknik radioterapi lapangan kecil memiliki tingkat kerumitan yang tinggi, karena keberhasilan pelaksanaan terapi menggunakan teknik ini sangat bergantung pada keakuratan proses mulai dari perencanaan, pemberian dosis selama terapi hingga evaluasi pengukuran dosis terapi. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada kasus kanker paru menggunakan teknik lapangan kecil pada kasus teknik IMRT dan SBRT dimana evaluasi dosis dilakukan dengan menggunakan bilik ionisasi, TLD ,dan film gafchromic EBT2. Nilai diskrepansi yang didapatkan pada teknik IMRT menggunakaan film memiliki nilai yang paling kecil diantara dosimeter lainnya yaitu berada pada rentang nilai 1,75% ~ -0,60%. Pengukuran SBRT baik pada RSCM maupun RSGP hasil yang ditunjukkan PTW 300013 menunjukkan nilai diskrepansi yang tinggi yaitu pada rentang -7,08% ~ -14,98%. Berbanding terbalik dengan PTW 300013, dosimeter Exradine A16 menunjukkan nilai diskrepansi yang kecil yaitu -2,96% ~ -4,12%. Hasil evaluasi film menggunakan MATLAB pada teknik IMRT menghasilkan nilai dosis terukur ≥ 4% lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan film QAProTM. Sedangkan unutk nilai SBRT dosis terukur yang dihasilkan oleh MATLAB ≤ 4% lebih rendah dibandingkan film QAProTM . Hasil evaluasi dosis dari bilik ionisasi baik pada pengukuran langsung maupun evaluasi menggunakan MATLAB menunjukkan pola yang serupa, yaitu bernilai overestimate pada IMRT dan underestimate pada SBRT.;Small field radiotherapy techniques have a high level of complexity, due to the successful of this implementation is highly dependent on the accuracy of the process from planning until evaluating the dose measurement. This research was done in the case of lung cancer using small field radiotherapy by using IMRT and SBRT technique. The dose evaluation is done by using ionization chambers, TLD, and the gafchromic EBT2 film. Results of discrepancy value in IMRT techniques using film has the smallest value among other dosimeters, in range 1.75% to -0.60%. PTW 300 013 shows a high value of discrepancies on the SBRT measurement, in the range of -7.08% to -14.98%. In contrast with PTW300013, Exradine A16 shows a low value of discrepancies, in range -2,96% to -4,12%. Results of film evaluation using MATLAB, IMRT technique have measurable dose value 4% higher than the film QAProTM. Dose discrepancy of SBRT technique that generated by MATLAB 4% lower than the film QAProTM. The Results of dose evaluation using ionization chamber both of measurement and MATLAB evaluation showed a similar pattern, which is have the overestimate value in IMRT and underestimate value in SBRT., Small field radiotherapy techniques have a high level of complexity, due to the successful of this implementation is highly dependent on the accuracy of the process from planning until evaluating the dose measurement. This research was done in the case of lung cancer using small field radiotherapy by using IMRT and SBRT technique. The dose evaluation is done by using ionization chambers, TLD, and the gafchromic EBT2 film. Results of discrepancy value in IMRT techniques using film has the smallest value among other dosimeters, in range 1.75% to -0.60%. PTW 300 013 shows a high value of discrepancies on the SBRT measurement, in the range of -7.08% to -14.98%. In contrast with PTW300013, Exradine A16 shows a low value of discrepancies, in range -2,96% to -4,12%. Results of film evaluation using MATLAB, IMRT technique have measurable dose value 4% higher than the film QAProTM. Dose discrepancy of SBRT technique that generated by MATLAB 4% lower than the film QAProTM. The Results of dose evaluation using ionization chamber both of measurement and MATLAB evaluation showed a similar pattern, which is have the overestimate value in IMRT and underestimate value in SBRT.]"

"Peningkatan kadar oksigen dalam darah dapat dicapai dengan meningkatkan kadar hemoglobin yang berfungsi dalampengangkutan oksigen dari paru-paru ke seluruh tubuh. Kadar hemoglobin di dalam tubuh dapat meningkat, apabila zat besi yang memiliki peran dalam sintesis hemoglobin meningkat.Penelitian ini merupakan suatu tahapan awal dari upaya untuk meningkatkan kadar oksigen sel pada pasien kanker. Pada penelitian ini digunakan bayam merah (Amaranthus gangeticus) untukmeningkatkan kadar besi dalam tubuh, yang dibandingkan dengan suplemen penambah darah. Kadar zat besi pada larutan bayam merah dan suplemen penambah darah diukur dengan menggunakan Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Hewan uji yang digunakan adalah mencit jantan galur BALB/c dalam kondisi sehat, kemudian dibagi secara acak ke dalam tiga kelompok. Dosis kadar besi yang diberikan kepada setiap mencit adalah sebesar 50μg/hari. Pengukuran kadar zat besi dan hemoglobin pada sampel darah hewan uji dilakukan sebelum dan setelah perlakuan. Pengukuran kadar zat besi dalam darah dilakukan dengan menggunakan AAS, sedangkan pengukuran kadar hemoglobin dilakukan dengan menggunakan spektofotometer UV-Vis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kadar zat besi dalam darah pada mencit yang diberi bayam merah meningkat sebesar29,32% dan kadar hemoglobin meningkat sebesar 17,47%, sedangkan sampel uji yang diberikan suplemen penambah darah kadar zat besi dalam darah meningkat sebesar 8,94% dan diikuti dengan peningkatan kadar hemoglobin sebesar 7,28%. Peningkatan kadar hemoglobin pada sampel yang diberikan bayam merah lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan sampel yang diberikan suplemen penambah darah karena bayam merah memiliki faktor tanaman yang dapat membantu sintesis hemoglobin. Secara teoritis, meningkatnya kadar hemoglobin diikuti dengan peningkatan kapasitas maksimal oksigen dalam darah.

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Increased levels of oxygen in the blood can be achieved by increasing the levels of hemoglobin that function in transporting oxygen from the lungs throughout the body. Increased oxygen levels may improve the results of radiation therapy in skin cancer treatment. It is assumed that iron plays role in hemoglobin biosynthesis an increased iron levels in the blood may induce increased hemoglobin levels, at least in anemic conditions. This study intends to clarify whether iron and hemoglobin levels can be increased in healthy non-anemic test animals. Male mice, strain BALB/c, were randomly devided into three groups, two treatment groups and a control group. The effect of red spinach (Amaranthus gangeticus) on the levels of iron and hemoglobin in the blood of these mice was compared with the effect of commercial iron sulphate tablets. The iron contents in the spinach extract and pharmaceutical FeSO4 tablets were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Iron doses of 50 micrograms per day were given to each mice. Measurements of iron and hemoglobin levels in the blood of the animals were performed before and after treatment using AAS and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, respectively. Iron levels in the blood of mice treated with red spinach increased by 29,32% and hemoglobin levels by 17,47%, while the iron levels in the blood of the group treated with iron tablet increased by 8,94% and hemoglobin by 7,28%. Our results demonstrate that iron and hemoglobin level are more effectively increased by red spinach extract than by commercial iron tablets, possibly due to phytofactors in the spinach, which may improve the gastrointestinal absorption of iron and/or induce hemoglobin biosynthesis. In conclusion, increased levels of hemoglobin should consecutively olso increase the maximum oxygen transport capacity in the blood."