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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Penyakit Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Atas (ISPA) merupakan penyebab utama kesakitan dan kematian bayi dan balita di negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia. Tingginya angka kesakitan dan kematian bayi di Indonesia terkait dengan kemampuan seorang ibu dalam pemberian air susu ibu (ASI) yang tidak memadai kepada bayinya. ASI merupakan minuman alami bagi bayi baru lahir pada bulan pertama kehidupan yang bermanfaat bukan hanya untuk bayi saja, tetapi juga untuk ibu, keluarga dan negara. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan pemberian ASI eksklusif terhadap kejadian ISPA pada bayi usia 6-12 bulan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan desain kasus kontrol tidak berpasangan (unmatched case control), dan pengambilan sampel menggunakan cluster random sampling pada 162 kasus dan 162 kontrol bayi berusia 6-12 bulan. Kasus adalah ibu yang membawa bayi usia 6-12 bulan dimana 1 bulan terakhir pernah menderita ISPA yang berkunjung ke Puskesmas terpilih, sedangkan kontrol adalah ibu yang membawa bayi usia 6-12 bulan dimana 1 bulan terakhir tidak pernah menderita ISPA yang berkunjung ke Puskesmas terpilih. Analisis data terdiri-dari analisis univariat, bivariat, stratifikasi, serta analisis multivariat dengan regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bayi yang diberi ASI tidak eksklusif memiliki Rasio Odds 1,69 kali (95% CI: 1,02-2,80) untuk mengalami kejadian ISPA dibandingkan dengan bayi yang diberi ASI eksklusif setelah dikontrol variabel adanya perokok dalam rumah dan imunisasi. Promosi kesehatan pemberian ASI eksklusif 6 bulan, pemberian imunisasi dan program anti rokok perlu dilakukan secara berkesinambungan untuk menurunkan angka kesakitan (morbiditas) dan kematian (mortalitas) penyakit ISPA.

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ABSTRACT Upper respiratory tract infection (URI) is a main disease among children in developing countries including in Indonesia. Infant under 1 year old morbidity and mortality in Indonesia still high. This is relating with mother ability to deliver inadequate breastfeeding for their child. Breastfeeding is a natural food for newborn particularly in the first month of live. This is not only for the child but also for mother, family and the country. The objective of this study was to identify the relationship of exclusive breastfeeding to upper respiratory tract infection due to infant age 6 to 12 months in Kampar District. The design of this study is unmathced case control. Sample selected by cluster random sampling. Each group consist 162 cases and 162 controls infants age 6 to 12 month old. Case definition is mother with her infant suffered upper respiratory tract infection seeking for treatment at the selected health center in the last month. Control definition is mother with her infant without upper respiratory tract infection symptoms in the last month visiting to selected health center. Data analysis was using univariate, bivariate, stratification and multivariate using logistic regression. The result of this study showed that the infant who gave the breastfeeding not exclusively had the risk to upper respiratory tract infection 1,69 times (95% CI: 1,02-2,80) at the of 6 to 12 months compared to infant whose gave the breastfeeding exclusively after controlling immunization and smokers at home. Health promotion for exclusive breastfeeding at least 6 month, immunized and no smoking at home need to strengthen to limit morbidity and mortality caused by acute upper respiratory infection at infant.

Abstrak :
Peningkatan insidensi kasus Tuberkulosis Resistensi Obat (TB-RO) merupakan masalah besar dalam kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia. Salah satu faktor risiko timbulnya kasus TB-RO adalah tingginya prevalensi DM tipe 2. Prevalensi DM tipe 2 pada pasien TB-RO sangat tinggi yakni berkisar antara 18,8% sampai 23,3%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara diabetes mellitus tipe 2 dengan kejadian TB-RO pada Masyarakat Melayu di Provinsi Riau Tahun 2014-2018. Desain penelitian kuantitatif adalah kasus kontrol pada 251 kasus (TBRO) dan 502 kontrol (Tuberkulosis Sensitif Obat/TB-SO). Data kuantitatif diperoleh dari data sekunder TB-RO yaitu form 01.TB-RO, Form 03.TB-RO, rekam medis dan e-TB manager. Sedangkan data sekunder TB-SO diperoleh dari form.01 TB-SO, Form.03 TB-SO, rekam medis dan Sistem Informasi Tuberkulosis Terpadu (SITT). Variabel independen adalah DM Tipe 2, variabel kovariat adalah usia, jenis kelamin, Pendidikan, pekerjaan, kategori tempat tinggal, status pernikahan, status HIV dan riwayat pengobatan TB sebelumnya. Dalam mendukung penelitian kuantitatif, maka dilakukan penelitian kualitatif pendekatan sejarah hidup (Life History) dengan metode diskusi kelompok kecil (DKK) dan wawancara mendalam (WM). Data kuantitatif dianalisis dengan uji regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian kuantitatif menunjukkan bahwa pada orang yang DM tipe 2 memiliki risiko 2,27 kali (95% CI: 1,58-3,27) untuk mengalami kejadian TB-RO jika dibandingkan dengan pasien yang tidak DM tipe 2 setelah dikontrol variabel pekerjaan, tempat tinggal, status pernikahan dan riwayat pengobatan TB sebelumnya. Hasil penelitian kualitatif untuk memperoleh riwayat kejadian penyakit DM tipe 2 terjadi lebih dahulu dari pada kejadian TB-RO serta melihat faktor resiko sosial budaya yang berpengaruh terhadap terjadinya TB-RO pada masyarakat Melayu di Provinsi Riau. Faktor risiko sosial budaya yang memungkinkan berhubungan dengan TB-RO adalah kebiasaan minum manis, kepatuhan menelan obat TB-RO, Kepatuhan minum obat DM dan masyarakat Melayu Daratan.

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Increased incidence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DRTB) is a major public health problem in Indonesia. One of risk factors for the emergence of DRTB case is a high prevalence of type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The prevalence of type-2 DM in patients with DRTB is very high, ranging from 18.8% to 23.3%. This study aimed to determine relationship between type-2 DM and the incidence of DRTB in Malay community, Riau Province, in 2014-2018. The quantitative study design was case control in 251 cases (DRTB) and 502 controls (drug-sensitive tuberculosis / DSTB). Quantitative data were obtained from DRTB secondary data, namely Form 01.DRTB, Form 03.DRTB, medical records and electronic TB manager (e-TB manager); while, DSTB secondary data were obtained from DSTB Form.01, DSTB Form.03, medical records and Integrated Tuberculosis Information System. The independent variable was type-2 DM, and the covariate variables were age, sex, education, occupation, residence category, marital status, HIV status and previous TB treatment record. In supporting the quantitative study, qualitative study was conducted with life history approach using a small group discussion method and in-depth interview. Quantitative data were analysed with logistic regression. Quantitative study results showed that peoples with type-2 DM had a 2.27 times risk (95% CI: 1.58-3.27) to experience the incidence of DRTB if compared to peoples without type-2 DM after controlling for occupation, residence, marital status and previous TB treatment record. The results of qualitative study were to obtain a record of the incidence of type-2 DM that occurred earlier than the incidence of DRTB and to examine socio-cultural risk factors affecting the occurrence of DRTB in the Malay community, Riau Province. Possible socio-cultural risk factors associated with DRTB were habits of drinking sweet drinks, adherence to taking DRTB medicine, adherence to taking DM medicine, and the community of Mainland Malay.

Abstrak :
Abstrak
Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality of infants and toddlers in developing countries. The high infant morbidity and mortality rates in Indonesia are associated with the low exclusive breastfeeding ability. Breast milk is a natural drink for newborns in the first month of life that is beneficial not only for the babies, but also for mothers. The aim of study was to determine exclusive breastfeeding and decrease in incidence of URI among infants aged 6-12 months. This study was conducted by using case control design. Samples were taken by using cluster random sampling. Subject of study consisted of 162 cases and 162 control with infants aged 6-12 years. Cases were 162 infants aged 6-12 months suffering from URI within one last month and taken by mothers to primary health care that was selected location of study, while control was mothers who took their infants aged 6-12 months who did not suffer from URI within one last month to the selected primary health care. Data analysis included univariate, bivariate, stratification, and multivariate analysis with logistic regression. Results of study found that infants who were not exclusively breastfed were 1.69 times (95% CI: 1.02-2.80) more at risk of increasing URI incidence compared to infants who were breastfed exclusively after controlled by smoker in house and immunization variables. Health promotion of 6-month exclusive breastfeeding, provision of immunization, and anti-smoking program need to be implemented continuously to decrease the rates of morbidity and mortality due to URI disease.