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"Telah dilakukan analisis pengaruh penambahan 0.5 mol berat Mn terhadap struktur kristal dan konstanta dielektrik barium titanat. Bahan percobaan terbaik yang didapat dari sintesis metalurgi serbuk dengan temperatur sintering maksimum 950°C dan perbandingan stoichiometrinya adalah 1 : 0.5 : 0.5 mol berat bahan asal BaCO3, MnO2 dan TiO2 yang merupakan reagen dari E-Merck. Difraktogram sinar-x dengan cacah kontinu dan panjang gelombang atau X (Co Ka) = 1.7889 A yang diperoleh pada suhu kamar, dianalisis menggunakan program Kristalografi GSAS. Analisis struktur memperlihatkan bahwa bahan terdiri dari 5 (lima) fasa, struktur kristal fasa utamanya adalah BaTi0.5Mno.5O3 dengan tipe struktur perovskite BaTiO3, grup ruang tetragonal P4mm, parameter kisi masing-masing, a = 3,998 A, c = 4,022 A, reduced x2 = 1,706 , I tp = '0,176, wRp = 0,230, dengan jumlah variabel 58 . Keempat fasa pengotor tersebut adalah BaCO3, MnO2, TiO2 dan Mn3Ti2 yang masing-masing mempunyai grup ruang Pnma, P42lmnm, 1411amd dan P 631mmc. Bahan uji mempunyai nilai konstanta dielektrik minimum adalah 265,23 pada temperatur ruang dan nilai konstanta dielektrik maksimum dicapai pada temperatur 110 °C.

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The effect of 0.5 weight mole Mn on crystal structure and dielectric constant of barium titanate has been analyzed. The best sample in this study were synthesized using powder metallurgy with maximum sintering temperature at 950 °C and stoichiometric amounts of BaCO3, MnO2 and TiO2 that were reagents from E-Merck. The X-ray difractograms wich were obtained with continuous counts and X (Co Ka) = 1.7889 A at room temperature, were refined using the GSAS crystallographic soft ware package.

Structural analysis shows that sample consist of 5 (five) phases where the parent phase is BaTio.5Mno.5G3 with the perovskite-type BaTiO3 structure, the space group is tetragonal P4mm, a = 3.999 A, c = 4.028 A, the goodness of fit x2 is of 1.864 with 56 refined variables and the residual parameters .Rp and wRp are of 18.8% and 24.2% respectively. The impurities phase are BaCO3, MnO2, TiO2 and Mn3Ti2 with the space group each are Prima, P 42lmnm, l 41/amd and P 63/mmc respectively. The sample has a minimum dielectric constant value is 265.23 at room temperature and maximum dielectric constant value is 519.32 at 110 °C temperature reached."

"Telah dilakukan analisa mengenai pengaruh penambahan 0.5 inol berat Mn terhadap fasa dan Struktur kristal barium titanat (BaTiO:,). Cuplikan diperoleh dengan metoda metalurgi serbuk dengan bahan dasar BaCQ-,. MnO_, dan FiO: yang merupakan grade reagen dari E-Merck, dengan perbandingun masing-masing 1 : 0,5 : 0,5. Difraktogram sinar-X dengan A, (Co K.O.) "= 1,7889 A dan scan secara kontinu pada temperatur kamar dianalisis menggunakan program kristalografi GSAS. Analisis struktur metnperlihatkan bahwa bahan terdiri dari 5 (lima) fasa, BaMn05Ti05O3 sebagai fasa utama dengan grup ruaiig P4mm, parameter kisi a dan c masing-masing 3,999 A dan 4,025 A, faktor pencocokan (i educed x ) =- 2,175 dan 45 variabel. Sedangkan 4 (empat ) fasa pengotor tersebut masing-masing memiliki fraksi berat yaitu BaCO., (45,83%); MnO2 (8.47%); TiO: (20,36%) dan MmTi: (6,75%) masing-masing dengan grup ruang Pnma, P 42/mnm, Pbca dan P 63/mmc.

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The effect of 0.5 weight mol Mn on phase and crystal structure of barium titanate has been analyzed. The best sampel in this study were synthesized using powder metallurgy with stoichiometric amounts of BaCCh, MnO2 and TiO2 that were reagents from E-Merck. The X-ray diffractograms which were obtained with continuous counts and X (Co Ka) = 1.7889 A at room temperature, were refined using the crystallographic software package GSAS. Structural analysis shows that sample consists of 5 (five) phase where the crystal is BaMni,5Ti()5O:, with the perovs kHe-type BaTiO, structure, the space group tetragonal P4mm, a = 3.999 A, t- - 4.025 A. the goodness of fit £ is of 2.175 with 45 variables and the residual parameters Rp and Rwp are of 18.8% and 24.2% respectively. The four phase impurity has a weight fraction is BaCO, (45.83%); MnO, (8.47%); TiO: (20,36%) and Mn:,Ti2 (6,75%) with the space group each are Pnma. P 42/mnm, 1 41/amd and P 63/mmc."

"Pakan ayam probiotik menjadi salah satu alternatif yang menjanjikan dengan memanfaatkan limbah residu bahan pangan seperti ampas singkong dan molase dan penambahan lemna sebagai sumber protein. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan mendesain dan menganalisis keekonomian dari proses produksi pakan ayam probiotik dari campuran residu bahan pangan menggunakan metode solid state fermentation. Metode penelitian ini adalah perancangan simulasi produksi menggunakan perangkat lunak SuperPro dan analisis keekonomian menggunakan perangkat lunak Microsoft Excel. Kapasitas produksi pakan ayam probiotik adalah 3000 kg/tahun. Proses dimulai dari persiapan bahan baku, penggilingan, kultur probiotik, proses SSF hingga pengemasan. Proses ini bernilai ekonomis dengan mempertimbangkan variasi komposisi bahan baku. Adapun variasi komposisi pertama, yaitu 55% ampas singkong; 44% lemna dan 1% molase didapatkan nilai NPV (net present value) sebesar Rp5.720.647.401,25, IRR (internal rata of return) 23,24%, ROI (rate of investment) 61,77%, dan PBP (payback period) 7,02 tahun. Variasi komposisi kedua, yaitu 65% ampas singkong; 34% lemna dan 1% molase didapatkan nilai NPV (net present value) sebesar Rp2.920.774.419,22, IRR (internal rate of return) 14,51%, ROI (rate of investment) 36,36%, dan PBP (payback period) 10,37 tahun. Sedangkan variasi komposisi ketiga, yaitu 75% ampas singkong; 24% lemna dan 1% molase didapatkan nilai NPV (net present value) sebesar Rp4.914.707.789,88, IRR (internal rate of return) 21,56%, ROI (rate of investment) 52,55%, dan PBP (payback period) 7,28 tahun. Analisis profitabilitas menunjukkan variasi komposisi ketiga menjadi variasi komposisi bahan baku yang paling ideal. Berdasarkan analisis sensitivitas, harga jual produk menjadi variabel yang sensitif pada ketiga jenis variasi.

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Probiotic poultry feed is one of the promising alternatives by utilizing food residue waste such as cassava pulp and molasses and the addition of lemna as a source of protein. This study was conducted with the aim of designing and analyzing the economics of the probiotic chicken feed production process from a mixture of food residues using the solid state fermentation method. The research method is production simulation design using SuperPro software and economic analysis using Microsoft Excel software. The production capacity of probiotic chicken feed is 3000 kg/year. The process starts from raw material preparation, grinding, probiotic culture, SSF process to packaging. This process is economically valuable considering the variation in the composition of raw materials. The first composition variation, namely 55% cassava pulp; 44% lemna and 1% molasses obtained an NPV (net present value) Rp5.720.647.401,25, IRR (internal rata of return) 23,24%, ROI (rate of investment) 61,77%, and PBP (payback period) 7,02 years. The second composition variation, which is 65% cassava pulp; 34% lemna and 1% molasses obtained an NPV (net present value) of Rp2,920,774,419.22, IRR (internal rate of return) of 14.51%, ROI (rate of investment) of 36.36%, and PBP (payback period) of 10.37 years. While the third composition variation, namely 75% cassava pulp; 24% lemna and 1% molasses obtained an NPV (net present value) of IDR 4,914,707,789.88, IRR (internal rate of return) of 21.56%, ROI (rate of investment) of 52.55%, and PBP (payback period) of 7.28 years. The profitability analysis shows that the third composition variation is the most ideal raw material composition variation. Based on sensitivity analysis, the selling price of products is a sensitive variable in all three types of variations."