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"In this essay we present three case studies of Peru, Jamaica and Indonesia to illustrate the use of the concept of race in daily life in relation to labour, popular culture and beauty respectively. These cases demonstrate how the use of the concept of race changes in the transition from a colonial into a postcolonial setting, depending on the role of the state and nation building. In Peru, we see a clear continuation of racialized thinking; thinking and speaking in terms of ?race? is still the norm. In Jamaica we find a process of inversion: the concept of race is maintained as a frame of societal analysis, but blackness is revalidated and has become a prerequisite for national and cultural belonging. In Indonesia racialized categorizations have disappeared almost completely as "race" has become subjected to the development rhetoric, which just allows limited space for ethnic manifestations. However, discrimination on other rhetorical basis, such as non-citizenship, remains."

"Cities are places full of symbols. In the past decades, Indonesian cities havebecome the cradle of urban symbolism studies. In this article, the authorpresents the results of these studies. The cities researched differ tremendously,ranging from the national capital to provincial capitals and small towns; someof them, such as Jakarta, are purely colonial in origin, while others are more orless traditional in character. Some of them have a top-down symbolic structure,largely the product of government activities, while others have symbolicconfigurations which have a more grassroots character and are based in thereligious domain. The methodological aspect of urban symbolism fieldwork isexplored by the introduction of the concept of flâneur."