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"Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) altered the quantity and quality of saliva by disturbing the salivary glands. The objective of this study was to examine the relation between the concentration of salivary total protein and viscosity in patient with poorly controlled type 2 DM. Whole unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 12 poorly controlled diabetic patients (diabetic group) and 16 non diabetics (control group). Diabetic group had fasting blood sugar ³ 126 mg/dL and HbA1c > 8%. Control group were matched on age and sex to diabetic group, and had fasting blood sugar < 100 mg/dL. Saliva was analyzed for concentration of total protein, flow rate and viscosity. The total protein concentration was measured by Bradford method. Statistical analyzed was done by using paired sample t-test to compare concentration of salivary total protein, flow rate and viscosity between diabetic and control group. Statistical analyzed was done by using Pearson test to correlate salivary flow rate and viscosity, and concentration of salivary total protein with viscosity. Neither concentration of salivary total protein nor viscosity differed significantly between the two groups. Significantly greater salivary flow rate was seen in diabetic group. However, no correlation was found between the salivary flow rate and viscosity or concentration of salivary total protein and viscosity in diabetic group. In conclusion, there was no significant correlation between concentration of salivary total protein and viscosity in poorly controlled diabetic."

"Latar Belakang: Proses PILP adalah proses remineralisasi yang menggunakan makromolekul bermuatan, yakni polyaspartic acid, untuk menstabilkan ion calcium phosphate dalam larutan tersaturasi, dan mencegah nukleasi spontan serta presipitasi mineral. Penambahan ion fluoride pada proses ini akan membentuk kristal fluorapatite yang memiiki kekerasan lebih tinggi dari hidroksiapatit. Tujuan:Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahu pengaruh penambahan fluoride dalam larutan remineralisasi melalui proses PILP terhadap kekerasan email. Metode: 25 sampel gigi dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok. Kelompok 1 (email normal) sebagai kontrol positif, kelompok 2 (email terdemineralisasi) sebagai kontrol negatif, kelompok 3 email yang diremineralisasi melalui proses PILP, kelompok 4 email yang diremineralisasi melalui proses PILP dengan penambahan fluoride 5 ppm, kelompok 5 email yang diremineralisasi melalui proses PILP dengan penambahan fluoride 25 ppm. Seluruh sampel disimpan dalam inkubator pada suhu 370C selama 14 hari. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji kekerasan mikro untuk melihat kekerasan email. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara statistik dengan one-way ANOVA dan uji Post Hoc Tamhane. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna kekerasan mikro email setelah diremineralisasi melalui proses PILP tanpa dan dengan penambahan fluoride 5 ppm dan 25 ppm. Kesimpulan:Remineralisasi melalui proses PILP dengan penambhan fluoride 5 ppm memiliki kekerasan mikro yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan tanpa penambahan fluoride dan dengan penambahan fluoride 25 ppm.

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Background: PILP process is a remimineralization used charged macromolecule, polyaspartic acid, to stabilize calcium and phophate ion in order to prevent mineral spontaneus nucleation and precipitation. Fluoride was addedto form fluorapatite crystals which have a higer microhardness than hydroxyapatite. Objective: To determine the effect of adding fluoride in remineralization solution through the PILP process on enamel microhardness. Methods: 25 teeth were divided into 5 groups. Group 1 (normal enamel) as a positive control, group 2 (demineralized enamel) as a negative control, group 3 demineralized enamel which remineralized through PILPprocess, group 4 demineralized enamel which remineralized through PILP process with 5 ppm fluoride, group 5 demineralized enamel which remineralized through PILP process with 25 ppm fluoride. All samples were stored in an incubator at 370C for 14 days. Vicker's microhardness test was performed to see enamel microhardness. The data were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tamhane Post Hoc Test. Result: There is a difference between enamel microhardness after being remineralized through PILP process without and with 5 and 25 ppm fluoride.Conclusion: Remineralization via PILP process with addition of 5 ppm fluoride has a higher microhardness value than without and with 25 ppm fluoride."