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"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mendiskusikan Sektor Informal dalam Ruang Ekonomi, dengan merunjuk pada Kota Depok sebagai lokus penelitian. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah Soft Systems Mehtodology based Action Research. Kerangka Teori yang digunakan adalah The New Institutionalism In Economic Sociology. Temuan penelitian ini adalah value bersama (ideologi) “Gotong-Royong” yang ada dalam diri aktor ekonomi di sektor informal, memberikan kontribusi positif pada outcome ekonomi. Rekomendasi teoritik yaitu (a) mempertimbangkan konteks saat menggunakan kerangka berpikir utama, (b) menggunakan model epistemologi untuk membangun tipe ideal yang dapat menggambarkan konteks lokus penelitian dan meletakkannya dalam kerangka teori yang digunakan untuk menganalisa apa yang menjadi research interest. Rekomendasi praktik adalah perlu penguatan value-bersama (ideologi) untuk memperkecil potensi konflik horisontal dalam ruang ekonomi di sektor informal, dimana aktor-aktor yang berinteraksi adalah aktor dengan value etnik/agama masing-masing.

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ABSTRACTThis research discusses the Informal Sector in the Economic Field. Locus of the research is Kota Depok. This research uses the methodology „Soft Systems Methodology based Action Research‟. By using the framework of thinking “The New Institutionalism In Economic Sociology”, the finding of this research is common-values (ideology) „Gotong-Royong‟ provides a positive influence to the economic outcome with low negative implications. Theoretical recommendations as follows (a) have to consider the context of the locus, (b) to use epistemology model as an ideal type based on context of the locus, to debate the phenomenon which is the research interest of the researcher. Practical recommendation is to strengthen common-value (Ideology) „Gotong-Royong‟ to avoid horizontal conflicts among actors of the economic informal sector."

"[ABSTRAK Penelitian mengenai efektivitas pengobatan diabetes melitus dan kaitannyadengan pencegahan komplikasi masih menujukkan hasil yang beragam. Penelitianini bertujuan untuk membandingkan efektivitas hipoglikemik dan fungsi ginjaldari sulfonilurea, kombinasi sulfonilurea dan biguanid serta injeksi insulin. Disainpenelitian adalah kohort retrospektif pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 rawatjalan yang mengkonsumsi obat yang sama selama empat bulan terakhir di RSKDr. Sitanala Tangerang. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada kurun waktu April-Juni2015, dan sudah mendapatkan lulus kaji etik dari Komite Etik rumah sakit ini.Subyek penelitian dibagi kedalam tiga kelompok yaitu yang menggunakan injeksiinsulin (n = 30), yang menggunakan obat sulfonilurea tunggal (n = 30), dankombinasi sulfonilurea dan biguanid (n = 45). Efektivitas hipoglikemik dilihatdari nilai HbA1C pasien dan komplikasi nefropati diabetik dilihat dari nilai eLFGyang dihitung dari angka serum kreatinin. Rerata usia keseluruhan pasien adalah54,98±7,47, sebagian besar adalah wanita (72%) dan cenderung overweight(rerata IMT 25,47±4,77). Ada perbedaan yang bermakna (p = 0,042 ) pada nilaiHbA1C pasien kelompok kombinasi sulfonilurea-biguanid (rerata HbA1C7,28±0,09) dibandingkan dengan kelompok insulin (rerata HbA1C 8,10±0,09),sementara dengan kelompok sulfonilurea tunggal tidak ada perbedaan yangbermakna. Sedangkan nilai eLFG untuk setiap kelompok obat tidak ditemukanperbedaan yang bermakna. Subyek yang memiliki riwayat diabetes melitus dalamkeluarga mempunyai peluang 4,512 kali (interval kepercayaan 95%, p = 0,010)lebih besar dibandingkan dengan yang tidak memiliki riwayat diabetes dalamkeluarga untuk memiliki nilai HbA1C lebih dari 7%. Pasien dengan IMT >30kg/m2 mempunyai peluang sebesar 21,631 (p = 0,012) dibandingkan pasiendengan IMT < 18,5 kg/m2 untuk memiliki nilai HbA1C yang tidak terkontrol ataudiatas 7%. Pengobatan dengan kombinasi antidiabetik oral sulfonilurea danbiguanid lebih efektif dalam menurunkan nilai HbA1C pasien DM tipe 2dibandingkan dengan insulin atau sulfonilurea tunggal, dan tidak ada perubahanbermakna dalam penurunan fungsi ginjal ABSTRACT Research on effectiveness of therapy on diabetes mellitus associated with

prevention of its complication still remain varied in results. The hypoglycemic

effectiveness and the kidney function were compared between sulfonylurea,

sulfonylurea and biguanide combination and insulin, with the retrospective cohort

study design, on patients that use those agents in last four months and came to

out-patient clinic of RSK Dr. Sitanala Tangerang. This research had the Ethical

Clearance from the Ethical Committee of this hospital. Subjects were classify into

three groups, i.e insulin group (n = 30), sulfonylurea group (n = 30) and

sulfonylurea and biguanide combination group (n = 45). Hypoglycemic

effectiveness is measured with the HbA1C level and diabetic nephrophaty with

the eGFR which calculated from the measured serum creatinin. Mean age of all

subjects was 54,98±7,47 (p=0,157), most were women (72%, p=0,235), and tend

to overweight (mean BMI is 25,49±4,84; p = 0,59). Mean HbA1C level from the

sulfonylurea-biguanide (7,28±0,09) group were significantly different (p = 0,042)

with those from the insulin group (8,10±0,09), and there was no significant

difference with the sulfonylurea group. There was no significant difference in

diabetic nephropathy between groups. Subject with diabetic family history has

4,512 times chance to have the HbA1C level > 7% compare to those without

diabetic family history. Subjects with BMI >30 kg/m2 have 21,631 times chance

to get the HbA1C >7% compare to subjects with BMI <18,5 kg/m2. Sulfonylurea

and biguanide combination was more effective compare to insulin or sulfonylurea

monotherapy on decreasing HbA1C level of type 2 DM patients, without

significant difference in effect of lowering kidney functionH;Research on effectiveness of therapy on diabetes mellitus associated with

prevention of its complication still remain varied in results. The hypoglycemic

effectiveness and the kidney function were compared between sulfonylurea,

sulfonylurea and biguanide combination and insulin, with the retrospective cohort

study design, on patients that use those agents in last four months and came to

out-patient clinic of RSK Dr. Sitanala Tangerang. This research had the Ethical

Clearance from the Ethical Committee of this hospital. Subjects were classify into

three groups, i.e insulin group (n = 30), sulfonylurea group (n = 30) and

sulfonylurea and biguanide combination group (n = 45). Hypoglycemic

effectiveness is measured with the HbA1C level and diabetic nephrophaty with

the eGFR which calculated from the measured serum creatinin. Mean age of all

subjects was 54,98±7,47 (p=0,157), most were women (72%, p=0,235), and tend

to overweight (mean BMI is 25,49±4,84; p = 0,59). Mean HbA1C level from the

sulfonylurea-biguanide (7,28±0,09) group were significantly different (p = 0,042)

with those from the insulin group (8,10±0,09), and there was no significant

difference with the sulfonylurea group. There was no significant difference in

diabetic nephropathy between groups. Subject with diabetic family history has

4,512 times chance to have the HbA1C level > 7% compare to those without

diabetic family history. Subjects with BMI >30 kg/m2 have 21,631 times chance

to get the HbA1C >7% compare to subjects with BMI <18,5 kg/m2. Sulfonylurea

and biguanide combination was more effective compare to insulin or sulfonylurea

monotherapy on decreasing HbA1C level of type 2 DM patients, without

significant difference in effect of lowering kidney functionH;Research on effectiveness of therapy on diabetes mellitus associated with

prevention of its complication still remain varied in results. The hypoglycemic

effectiveness and the kidney function were compared between sulfonylurea,

sulfonylurea and biguanide combination and insulin, with the retrospective cohort

study design, on patients that use those agents in last four months and came to

out-patient clinic of RSK Dr. Sitanala Tangerang. This research had the Ethical

Clearance from the Ethical Committee of this hospital. Subjects were classify into

three groups, i.e insulin group (n = 30), sulfonylurea group (n = 30) and

sulfonylurea and biguanide combination group (n = 45). Hypoglycemic

effectiveness is measured with the HbA1C level and diabetic nephrophaty with

the eGFR which calculated from the measured serum creatinin. Mean age of all

subjects was 54,98±7,47 (p=0,157), most were women (72%, p=0,235), and tend

to overweight (mean BMI is 25,49±4,84; p = 0,59). Mean HbA1C level from the

sulfonylurea-biguanide (7,28±0,09) group were significantly different (p = 0,042)

with those from the insulin group (8,10±0,09), and there was no significant

difference with the sulfonylurea group. There was no significant difference in

diabetic nephropathy between groups. Subject with diabetic family history has

4,512 times chance to have the HbA1C level > 7% compare to those without

diabetic family history. Subjects with BMI >30 kg/m2 have 21,631 times chance

to get the HbA1C >7% compare to subjects with BMI <18,5 kg/m2. Sulfonylurea

and biguanide combination was more effective compare to insulin or sulfonylurea

monotherapy on decreasing HbA1C level of type 2 DM patients, without

significant difference in effect of lowering kidney functionH;Research on effectiveness of therapy on diabetes mellitus associated with

prevention of its complication still remain varied in results. The hypoglycemic

effectiveness and the kidney function were compared between sulfonylurea,

sulfonylurea and biguanide combination and insulin, with the retrospective cohort

study design, on patients that use those agents in last four months and came to

out-patient clinic of RSK Dr. Sitanala Tangerang. This research had the Ethical

Clearance from the Ethical Committee of this hospital. Subjects were classify into

three groups, i.e insulin group (n = 30), sulfonylurea group (n = 30) and

sulfonylurea and biguanide combination group (n = 45). Hypoglycemic

effectiveness is measured with the HbA1C level and diabetic nephrophaty with

the eGFR which calculated from the measured serum creatinin. Mean age of all

subjects was 54,98±7,47 (p=0,157), most were women (72%, p=0,235), and tend

to overweight (mean BMI is 25,49±4,84; p = 0,59). Mean HbA1C level from the

sulfonylurea-biguanide (7,28±0,09) group were significantly different (p = 0,042)

with those from the insulin group (8,10±0,09), and there was no significant

difference with the sulfonylurea group. There was no significant difference in

diabetic nephropathy between groups. Subject with diabetic family history has

4,512 times chance to have the HbA1C level > 7% compare to those without

diabetic family history. Subjects with BMI >30 kg/m2 have 21,631 times chance

to get the HbA1C >7% compare to subjects with BMI <18,5 kg/m2. Sulfonylurea

and biguanide combination was more effective compare to insulin or sulfonylurea

monotherapy on decreasing HbA1C level of type 2 DM patients, without

significant difference in effect of lowering kidney functionH, Research on effectiveness of therapy on diabetes mellitus associated with

prevention of its complication still remain varied in results. The hypoglycemic

effectiveness and the kidney function were compared between sulfonylurea,

sulfonylurea and biguanide combination and insulin, with the retrospective cohort

study design, on patients that use those agents in last four months and came to

out-patient clinic of RSK Dr. Sitanala Tangerang. This research had the Ethical

Clearance from the Ethical Committee of this hospital. Subjects were classify into

three groups, i.e insulin group (n = 30), sulfonylurea group (n = 30) and

sulfonylurea and biguanide combination group (n = 45). Hypoglycemic

effectiveness is measured with the HbA1C level and diabetic nephrophaty with

the eGFR which calculated from the measured serum creatinin. Mean age of all

subjects was 54,98±7,47 (p=0,157), most were women (72%, p=0,235), and tend

to overweight (mean BMI is 25,49±4,84; p = 0,59). Mean HbA1C level from the

sulfonylurea-biguanide (7,28±0,09) group were significantly different (p = 0,042)

with those from the insulin group (8,10±0,09), and there was no significant

difference with the sulfonylurea group. There was no significant difference in

diabetic nephropathy between groups. Subject with diabetic family history has

4,512 times chance to have the HbA1C level > 7% compare to those without

diabetic family history. Subjects with BMI >30 kg/m2 have 21,631 times chance

to get the HbA1C >7% compare to subjects with BMI <18,5 kg/m2. Sulfonylurea

and biguanide combination was more effective compare to insulin or sulfonylurea

monotherapy on decreasing HbA1C level of type 2 DM patients, without

significant difference in effect of lowering kidney functionH]"