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"ABSTRAKNovel Birds of Passage dan Homebase adalah novel karya penulis Keturunan etnis Cina dengan visi menggugat pandangan etnosentris dan rasis kaum penguasa/dominan dalam masyarakat Australia dan Amerika, yang didominasi oleh keturunan Anglo-Keltik dan Anglo-Sakson. Dalam menyuarakan visinya kedua novelis, Brian Castro dan Shawn Wong, menggulirkan tema rasialisme yang dipadukan dengan isu identitas bangsa dan budaya ditinjau dari perspektif kelompok minoritas etnis Cina.Dalam kedua novel tersebut, kelompok etnis Cina tidak ditempatkan sebagai objek yang dibicarakan seperti yang dilakukan kebanyakan para pengarang Anglo-Australia maupun Anglo-Amerika. Sebaliknya, mereka adalah subjek yang menuturkan kisahnya sendiri.Kedua novel menyajikan tema rasialisme dengan dimensi dan wujud yang berbeda. Birds of Passage menampilkan kelompok etnis Cina sebagai korban rasialisme fisik dalam masyarakat Australia. Isu rasialisme dalam wujud yang subtil seperti pengotak-kotakan kebangsaan berdasarkan etnisitas seseorang juga ditampilkan dalam novel tersebut. Homebase -sementara itu- membahas rasialisme dalam wuud yang lebih subtil: represi atas perjuangan dan kontribusi kelompok etnis minoritas Cina dalam membangun Amerika. Prestasi dan kontribusi kelompok etnis Cina dalam membangun lintasan rel kereta api transkontinental Central Pacific kerapkali terlupakan dalam sejarah Amerika yang ditulis berdasarkan perspektif kaum Anglo-Sakson.Tesis ini membahas masalah rasialisme dalam masing-masing novel dan juga strategi sang pengarang untuk menepisnya. Latar belakang sosiohistoris dan budaya kelompok etnis Cina dalam sejarah Australia dan Amerika juga dibahas untuk lebih dapat memahami akar permasalahannya.

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ABSTRACT

Written by the so-called ethnic minority writers of Chinese descent, Birds of Passage and Homebase try to depict the practice of ethnocentrism and racialism in Australia and the United States of America, countries dominated by Anglo-Celtic and Anglo-Saxon descendants. The two writers, Brian Castro and Shawn Wong, present the issue of racialism in the light of the cultural identity seen from the perspective of Chinese ethnic minority groups.

Written from the perspective of Chinese ethnic minority groups , the two novels offer the aspiration of the Chinese as the speaking subjects.They are not the spoken objects of the majority anymore. On the contrary, as the speaking subjects, they are the actors who narrate their own stories and have their voices heard.

Birds of Passage and Homebase portray the notion of racialism in different forms. Birds of Passage depicts the Chinese as the victim of physical racialism in Australia. It also presents racialism in a subtle way : the notion of nationality based on one's ethnicity. Homebase, however, portrays racialism in a more subtle way : repression of the contribution of the Chinese ethnic minority group in the history of the United States of America. Their achievement and contribution in building America's railroad network are hardly mentioned in American history books written in Anglo Saxon perspective. The Chinese are neglected actors in the history of America.

This thesis discusses not only the notion of racialism in each novel but also the writers' strategies to counter it. The analysis of socio cultural and historical background of the Chinese ethnic minority group in Australia and the United States of America is also presented in order to have a better understanding of the two novels."

"Latar belakang : Pekerja bagian produksi di pabrik pengolahan daging ayam bekerja dengan sistim ban berjalan sehingga banyak melakukan gerakan repetitif tangan dan pergelangan tangan dalam menyelesaikan tugasnya. Gerakan repetitif tersebut bila dilakukan secara terus menerus dan dengan frekwensi yang tinggi dapat menyebabkan timbulnya Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders / WMSD, di mana salah satunya adalah Sindrom Terowongan Karpal (STK) di kalangan pekerja. Oleh karena itu dilakukan penelitian ini dengan tujuan mengetahui prevalensi serta faktor- faktor apa yang berhubungan dengan timbulnya STK.Metoda Penelitian : Desain studi adalah kros seksianal, dengan membandingkan prevalensi di dua unit kerja di bagian Slaughter House yaitu Cut up dan Evisceration. Perhitungan sampel menggunakan rumus beda dua proporsi. Populasi adalah pekerja wanita karena sebagian besar yang bekerja disini adalah wanita. Didapatkan sampel sebesar 107 orang dan bagian Cut up dan 45 orang dari bagian Evisceration. Pengumpulan data dilakukan antara bulan April sampai Mei 2004. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan kuesioner, observasi dan pemeriksaan fisik,. termasuk tes provokatif. Suhu lingkungan kerja didapatkan dari data sekunder.Hasil penelitian : Didapatkan prevalensi STK sebesar 27 % (41/152) untuk seluruh bagian Slaughter House, dimana prevalensi di bagian Cut up 32,7 % (351107) dan Evisceration 13,3 % (6145). Dan analisis bivariat didapatkan faktor yang berhubungan dengan STK adalah IMT>25, unit kerja, gerakan fleksi > 45 derajat dan jumlah gerakan repetitif. Setelah dilakukan analisis multivariat ternyata hanya faktor jumlah gerakan repetitif tinggi (> 1200 gerakan 1 jam) (OR : 2,42; CI : 1,57 - 3,74) dan IMT (> 25) (OR :3,72 ; CI : 1,45 - 9, 53) yang berhubungan bermakna dengan STK .Kesimpulan dan saran : Prevalensi STK di perusahaan ini sebesar 27 %.Gerakan repetitif tinggi dan kegemukan berhubungan bermakna dengan STK, sehingga perlu dilakukan rotasi kerja antara kedua bagian pekerja tersebut.

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The Association of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome with Repetitive Movement in the Wrist and Other Factors Among Female Workers in a Food Processing Factory of PT X Cikande.Scope : Workers of the production department in poultry processing factory have to work on conveyor line system which requires repetitive movement of the wrist with high frequencies for doing the job. Continuous repetitive movement will cause work related musculoskeletal disorders, where one of them is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS). This study was conducted to identify the association between CTS and other related factors.

Methodology: The design of this study was cross sectional with comparison of high repetitive and low repetitive exposed group. The selected participants were 107 workers from cut up section and 45 workers from evisceration section. Data collection was conducted from April to May 2004. The data collection method used were guided interviews, observation and physical examination, including provocative tests. Room temperature was secondary data.

Results : The prevalence of CTS were 27 % (41/152) in the Slaughters House department, 32,7 % (351107) in the Cut up section and 13,3 % (6/45) from Evisceration section. Bivariate analyses showed that several risk factors were related to CTS such as Body Mass Index (BM], work unit, flexion > 45 degree and the frequency of repetitive movement. After conducting multivariate analyses, only two variables showed significant relationship with CTS, the frequency of repetitive movement (OR=2,42, 95%CI=1,57-3,74) and overweight ( BMI>25) ( OR=3,72,95 %Cl= 1,45-9,53).

Conclusion and Recommendation : Prevalence of CTS was found high among female poultry workers. It was concluded that high repetitive movement and overweight had a significant relationship with CTS, so that job rotation between these two sections is needed."

"In this thesis, I would like to examine the adjustment process of new Jewish immigrants to the United States, and New York City in particular, during the Progressive Era (188Os to 1920). I intend to examine this process in the context of various theories, and the historical reality, of the establishment of American national ethnic patterns. I want to describe what long and arduous journey American ethnic groups had to lead toward the establishment of national ethnic patterns. The journey they passed through was always filled by cultural prejudice. On the other hand, it is also filled by the sensible attempt to overcome the problem of ethnicity. American society was a heterogeneous one in which consisted of immigrants and their descendants who came from various parts of the world. On one side, the heterogeneity of American society had caused the forming .of Cultural Pluralism. However, on the other side, the major part of American society- especially White Anglo Saxon Protestant- tried to assimilate the never-ending waves of new immigrants. The waves of immigrants before industrial period or during the year of 1800s to 1880 were mostly from West and North Europe. Therefore, in about three centuries, Anglo-Saxon values and cultures embedded firmly in American society. The White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) values were used as a model to assimilate the non-WASP. The WASP values were regarded as the real American ones and stood above stratified structure of other ethnic groups. Jewish ethnic was one of American ethnic groups who had settled in America since colonial period. The adjustment process of the old immigrants- those who came before industrial period of 1880 to 1920- did not create any serious problem. However, the great migration of new Jews- who came during industrial period- created a serious problem of adjustment process. Jewish principle of material pursuit was similar to that of Puritan society, the ancestor of American people. The middle class ethics possessed by the Jews were practiced without any obstacles in the land of America. That's why Jewish identity was always referred to the achievement of material success. By practicing middle class ethics, Jews of America achieved economic success. The economic stability was the important factor in establishing their strong social position in society. Their success in the economic sector enabled them to support other sectors, such as the founding of Jewish synagogues and schools, and other sectors that strengthened the identity of Jews. On the other hand, the success of Jews forced them to assimilate to American life and accept American values, especially when they want to succeed in dealing with their customers. Thus, they had to learn to speak English and wear suits, to learn and practice American cultural values. On the other hand, Jews strengthened their ethnic identity, but on the other they were influenced by Americanization process and more or less accepted American values. The adjustment that I describe in this writing is not the process of the adjustment itself, but the adjustment through four institutions that played an important role in the process. The four institutions of social and cultural life, religion, economy, and education were the factors that would describe and support Cultural Pluralism model. "

"Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir ini, perusahaan asuransi kerugian mendapat perhatian dari masyarakat akibat pengingkaran terhadap kepercayaan, kelemahan kapital manusia, dan barang kapital fisik. Pengingkaran ini telah mengurangi energi kapital sosial yang berimplikasi pada rendahnya produktivitas perusahaan, khususnya pada perusahaan asuransi. Sebuah perusahaan asurans i paling kurang melibatkan sejumlah pihak yang saling berhubungan dan bekerjasama, yaitu: 1) pihak perusahaan, 2) pihak nasabah dan 3). Pihak rekanan.PT. Asia Krimere Polysindo adalah salah satu perusahaan asuransi yang mengalami kemunduran mulai tahun 2001 hingga 2006, dari peringkat pertama menjadi peringkat kelima dalam tataran nasional. Meskipun pada akhirnya perusahaan menyadari kondisi kegagalan dalam fungsi manajemen (perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pelaksanaan dan pengawasan) dan telah melakukan perbaikan sejak tahun 2002, sampai tahun 2005 belum juga perusahaan ini mampu meningkatkan posisinya kembali.Kegagalan fungsi manajemen dalam penyelesaian klaim kendaraan bermotor yang menjadi tanggung jawab Departemen Klaim Kantor Pusat dan cabang-cabangnya telah berakibat fatal bagi kelangsungan hidup perusahaan. Faktor penyebab yang mendorong terjadinya kondisi tersebut meliputi kapital finansial, kapital manusia dan barang kapital fisik yang mempengaruhi energi kapital sosial perusahaan secara keseluruhan.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: a. untuk mempelajari dan menggambarkan bagaimana peranan kapital sosial dalam suatu organisasi bisnis, khususnya bagi bisnis asuransi di Indonesia. b.menjelaskan aspek kapital sosial dalam PT. Asia Krimere Polysindo (Kantor Pusat dan Departemen Sentral Klaim Asuransi Mobil) antara tahun 1992 hingga 2005, dalam hubungannya dengan proses klaim yang melibatkan jaringanjaringan eksternal seperti nasabah, rekanan perusahaan (bank, perusahaan leasing, agen asuransi, broker, bengkel) dan dengan perusahaan asuransi lainnya. c.mengidentifikasi sinergi antara kapital finansial, kapital manusia, barang kapital fisik dan kapital sosial dalam struktur organisasi bisnis asuransi.Bangunan kapital sosial yang dikemukakan Robert Lawang dapat diandalkan sebagai kerangka konseptual dan relevan untuk dijadikan landasan teori dalam menjelaskan kasus organisasi bisnis. Teori kapital sosial Lawang selain menjelaskan adanya kapital-kapital lain di samping kapital sosial dalam organisasi bisnis asuransi, juga menjelaskan kepercayaan, jaringan dan norma sebagai konsep dasar dari kapital sosial yang dijadikan fokus penelitian ini. Kapital-kapital lain disamping kapital sosial yaitu: kapital finansial, barang kapital fisik, kapital manusia, kapital personal, kapital politik, kapital budaya, dan kapital simbolik. Kerangka Robert Lawang dipandang meliputi kapital sosial komprehensif dan konseptual yang memungkinkan digunakan untuk menjelaskan hubungan dinamis struktur organisasi bisnis dan sinergi dengan berbagai kapital lain dalam pencapaian tujuan perusahaan.Secara makro, asuransi merupakan salah satu pilar dalam perekonomian yang berperan sebagai penggerak maupun stabilisator roda perekonomian suatu negara. Oleh karena itu perkembangan perekonomian pada suatu negara yang masyarakatnya memiliki kesadaran tentang asuransi, akan cenderung lebih maju daripada masyarakat yang belum memiliki kesadaran asuransi. Perkembangan industri asuransi secara nasional di Indonesia sangat tergantung pada kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap asuransi dan organisasi perasuransian yang ada di Indonesia. Data dari Biro Perasuransian Bapepam- LK menyebutkan bahwa kontribusi sector asuransi terhadap Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) adalah 1,66%. Angka ini tertinggal dari Singapura, Malaysia dan Thailand yang memiliki porsi industri asuransi terhadap PDB diatas 5,5%. Ketertinggalan kontribusi sektor asuransi terhadap PDB tersebut telah menunjukkan rendahnya kapital sosial masyarakat dalam berasuransi.Kapital sosial dikatakan rendah karena wujud kapital sosial seperti hubungan (relation), harapan (expectation), kepercayaan (trust), jaringan (network) kewajiban yang menghasilkan dan dihasilkan oleh kepercayaan (trust) berupa ?benda?yang bersifat intangible dalam struktur sosial asuransi di Indonesia dapat dipastikan masih sangat rendah. Asuransi di Indonesia seakan-akan hanya milik orang kaya saja dan bukan milik masyarakat pada umumnya. Fakta di lapangan memperlihatkan bahwa hanya orang kaya dan orang yang memiliki ekonomi menengah saja yang membeli polis asuransi.Masyarakat ekonomi tinggi (kaya), biasanya membeli polis atas dasar kesadaran dan kemempuan; masyarakat ekonomi menengah membeli polis atas dasar keuletan para agen asuransi yang terus menerus menawarkan produk asuransi, atau terpaksa membeli karena merupakan salah satu syarat guna mendapatkan kredit; sedangkan masyarakat ekonomi lemah (miskin), bisa memiliki polis asuransi karena disubsidi oleh pemerintah.Perusahaan asuransi sebagai salah satu organisasi bisnis yang bergerak di bidang jasa tidak akan dapat memulai, mempertahankan dan mengembangkan perusahaannya tanpa bekerjasama dengan perusahaan atau institusi lain. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian/riset, peneliti memberanikan diri untuk memasukkan tambahan definisi kapital sosial organisasi bisnis asuransi sebagai berikut: ?kapital yang melekat pada struktur sosial organisasi bisnis yang dipergunakan oleh aktor kunci dalam organisasi tersebut bersama dengan kapital-kapital yang lain (manusia, finansial, fisik) yang memfasilitasi tindakan kolektif untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi yaitu mendapatkan nilai tambah (keuntungan) organisasi?.Dari hasil penelitian tentang sinergi antar kapital, peneliti menemukan 4 pola sinergi yang dihasilkan dari sinergi antara kapital manusia, kapital finansial, barang kapital fisik dan kapital sosial dalam meningkatkan produktivitas sebuah organisasibisnis, yaitu :1. Pola sinergi lemah positif2. Pola sinergi lemah negatif3. Pola sinergi kuat negatif4. Pola sinergi kuat positifSinergi antar kapital dalam suatu organisasi bisnis yang tidak mempunyai korelasi secara langsung dengan produktivitas organisasi seperti yang disinyalir oleh pendapat Lawang, namun ada faktor lain diluar organisasi yang berhubungan dengan kondisi makro ekonomi/krisis ekonomi, persaingan dengan pelaku usaha, dan perubahan perilaku sosial masyarakat sehubungan dengan meningkatnya resiko kehidupan sosial.

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Within the last few years, General Insurance Companies get more attention from the society due to the denial on trust, human capital weakness, and physical capital. This denial has reduce the social capital?s energy, which causing the low productivity in the business organization, especially in the Insurance Companies. There are some related parties that involve and work together in an insurance company: 1). the company, 2). the customer and 3). the company?s related parties (bank, leasing, insurance agents, brokerage, car?s repair shop/garage).PT. Asia Krimere Polysindo is one of the insurance company that got a declining achievement from the year 2001 up to 2006, which the national rank was going down from the first rank into the fifth rank. Although the management realized the failure in management (planning, organizing, actuating and controlling) and tried to recover since 2002, but until 2005 the company still could not make any improvement.The management failure in the settlement of motor car?s claim department ? both in the head office and the branches- give a fatal effect for the continuity of the company as a whole. There are several factors which influencing the social capital energy of the company, such as financial capital, human capital, and physical capital.The objectives of this research are: a. to study and describe how is the role of social capital in a business organization, especially for Insurance business in Indonesia. b. to explain the social capital?s aspect of PT. Asia Krimere Polysindo (Head Office and Motor Car Insurance?s Central Claim Department) within 1992 to 2005, in relation with the claim process that involving external networks such as the insured/customer, the company?s related parties (bank, leasing, insurance agents, brokerage, car?s repair shop/garage), and with other insurance companies. c. to identify the synergy among the financial capital, the human capital, the physical capital and the social capital in the Insurance business organization?s structure.The Social Capital?s structure that Robert Lawang established is being used as the conceptual framework and relevant for being the basic theory in explaining the business organization?s case. Beside explaining that there are other capitals than social capitalwhich are very actual in the insurance business organization, Lawang also explaining the trust, network and norms as basic concepts in social capital that the research being focused on. The other capitals beside social capital are financial capital, physical capital, human capital, personal capital, politics capital, cultural capital and symbolic capital. Robert Lawang?s structure involving a comprehensive and a conceptual social capital's aspect that enable to explain the dynamic business organization structure and synergy with other capitals in achieving the company?s goal. In the macro structure of the economic of a country, Insurance has an important role both as a builder and a stabilizer. The economic in a country with a good insurance knowledge grows faster than the one with no good insurance knowledge. The growth of insurance industry in Indonesia very much depends on the trust from the society upon the insurance organization. Base on the data from Bureau of Insurance, Bapepam-LK, the insurance contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is only 1.66%, which is much less then Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand which contribute more than 5.5%. The low contribution from insurance sector to GDP shows the low social capital society in insurance.The social capital formation as: relation, expectation, trust, network liability which produce and gain from trust, in the form of an intangible thing in the Indonesian insurance social structure surely is very low. Insurance in Indonesia seems to belong only to the rich people, in fact only the rich and middle class people can buy insurance policies. Rich people bought policies base on their awareness and availability. The middle class people bought policies because of the insurance agent?s effort or because of the need to fulfill the credit requirement. But the poor can only have insurance policies because of the government subsidy. An insurance company as a business organization that produce service can not start, resist and grow its company, without working together with other companies or other institutions.Base on my research on inter capital synergy, I found four synergy patterns which being produced among the human capital, the financial capital, the physical capital and the social capital in order to raise the productivity in a business organization:1. Weak positive synergy pattern2. Weak negative synergy pattern3. Strong negative synergy pattern4. Strong positive synergy patternThe inter capitals synergy in the business organization which do not have direct correlation with the organization productivity- as what Lawang previously said-, because there is other factor outside the organization that related to the macro economic condition/ economic crisis, business competitor and the changes in society?s behavior in relation with the social life?s risk."