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"Die soldering merupakan hasil dari reaksi interface antara aluminium cair dengan material cetakan. Akibat tingginya afinitas aluminium terhadap besi, unsur besi dari material cetakan berdifusi menuju aluminium cair membentuk lapisan intermetalik pada permukaan cetakan. Kemudian, aluminium cair menempel pada permukaan cetakan dan tertinggal setelah pelepasan hasil pengecoran. Fenomena ini mengakibatkan terjadinya kegagalan cetakan dan menurunnya kualitas permukaan hasil coran, sehingga mengarah kepada penurunan produktivitas dan peningkatan biaya produksi pengecoran. Untuk mencegah terjadinya die soldering, pembentukan lapisan intermetalik pada permukaan cetakan harus diminimalisir. Mangan merupakan unsur yang dapat meningkatkan kekuatan produk pengecoran dan dapat mengurangi pengaruh buruk Fe dengan membentuk suatu fasa kesetimbangan. Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, belum ada korelasi yang jelas mengenai pengaruh unsur mangan dalam pembentukan lapisan interemetalik. Untuk itu, dilakukan penelitian guna mempelajari morfologi, ketebalan dan sifat mekanis lapisan intermetalik akibat penambahan unsur mangan.Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah baja H13 yang dicelupkan dalam paduan Al-7%Si dan AI-12%Si yang mengandung 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, dan 0.7%Mn dengan waktu kontak 20, 40, dan 60 menit pada temperatur 700°C.Dalam penelitian ini dihasilkan pembentukan dua lapisan intermetalik pada permukaan baja H13, yaitu compact layer yang merupakan fasa padat, dan broken layer yang merupakan fasa semi padat.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kondisi efektif untuk mengurangi kecenderungan cacat die soldering dengan meminimalisir pembentukan pembentukan compact layer adalah pada kondisi penambahan 0.3% Mn dalam paduan Al-7%Si dengan waktu kontak 20 menit Kemudian penambahan Mn hingga 0.7% pada paduan Al-12%Si akan menurunkan ketebalan compact layer pada permukaan baja H13, dengan kondisi ketebalan lapisan intermetalik tertipis adalah saat waktu kontak 40 menit Namun penambahan unsur Mn pada Al-7%Si dan Al-12%Si tidak berpengaruh pada ketebalan broken layer, fasa yang terkandung dalam lapisan interemetalik dan sifat mekanis lapisan intermetalik......Die soldering is the result of an interface reaction between the molten aluminum and the die material. Due to high affinity of aluminum for iron, the iron element ftom die diffuses into aluminum melt resulting in intermetalic layers on the die surface. Molten aluminum “welds” to the die surface and remains there after the ejection of the part. This phenomenon resulting in damage to the die and poor surface quality of the casting, lead to decreasing productivity and increasing production cost. In order to alleviate or mitigate die soldering, the forming of intermetallic layer on die surface has to be minimized. Mangan is an element which increase the strength of cast product and reduce the detrimental effect of Fe by form of equilibrium phase. Based on previous stuJies, the correlation between manganese element and the formation of intermetallic layer not yet clearly understood. Hence, this research i s done to study the morphology, thickness, and mechanical properties of intermetallic layers in influence of mangan addition.The sample on this research is as anneal H13 tool Steel dipped into the molten Al-7%Si and AI-12%Si alloy containing 0.1%Mn, 0.3%Mn, 0.5%Mn, and 0.7%Mn in 20, 40, and 60 minutes at holding temperatures 700 °C. This research resulted two intermetallic layers in the surface of H13 tool Steel, compact intermetallic layer and broken intermetallic layer.The result showed that the most effective condition in order to mitigate die soldering tendention is minimizing the form of compact layer by addition of 0.3%Mn into AI-7%Si alloy in dip time around 20 minutes. Then, Mn addition up to 0.7% into Al-12%Si reduces the thickness of compact layer with the most effective dip time around 40 minutes. However, the addition of Mn into Al-7%Si and Al-12%Si does not influence broken intermetallic thickness, phases that formed in intermetallic layer, and mechanical properties of intermetallic layer."

"Paduan Al-11wt%Si merupakan salah satu jenis paduan aluminium silikon yang memiliki aplikasi terluas dalam dunia pengecoran khususnya proses die casting. Pada proses pengaplikasiannya dalam teknologi die casting, terdapat suatu permasalahan sangat dominan terjadi yaitu fenomena die soldering, ketika aluminium cair menempel pada permukaan material dies dan masih tersisa ketika proses pengangkatan part. Reaksi soldering biasanya ditemukan dalam proses High Pressure Die Casting pada paduan aluminium, yang melibatkan terbentuknya lapisan intermetalik antara material cetakan dengan aluminium cair. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan perusakan die dan menurunkan kualitas permukaan coran yang buruk, sehingga mengakibatkan penurunan produktivitas namun meningkatkan biaya produksi pada operasional industri. Untuk itu dilakukan penelitian guna mempelajari morfologi dan karakteristik yang terdiri dari ketebalan dan kekerasan lapisan intermetalik yang terbentuk selama proses pencelupan. Pada penelitian ini, lapisan intermetalik terbentuk diantara substrat baja perkakas H13 dan paduan aluminium Al-11wt%Si dengan kandungan 0,66%Fe, 0,792%Fe, dan 1,088%Fe. Percobaan dilakukan dengan cara mencelupkan baja perkakas H13 ke dalam paduan Al-11wt%Si cair yang mengandung 0,66%Fe, 0,792%Fe, dan 1,088%Fe, kemudian didiamkan selama 30 menit untuk mensimulasikan proses die casting. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dua lapisan intermetalik pada permukaan baja perkakas H13 yang merupakan compact intermetallic layer dengan fasa intermetalik AlxFey dan broken intermetallic layer dengan fasa intermetalik AlxFeySiz, selain itu diperlihatkan bahwa dengan meningkatnya kandungan Fe dalam paduan alumunium dapat menurunkan total ketebalan compact intermetallic layer dan broken intermetallic layer. Kemudian, nilai kekerasan suatu lapisan intermetalik akan semakin meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya jumlah Fe yang berdifusi ke dalam lapisan intermetalik tersebut.

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Al-11wt%Si is one of aluminum alloys which have largest application in the world of casting, especially in die casting process. In the application of die casting technology, there is a dominant problem names die soldering. Die soldering is a phenomenon in which molten aluminum ?welds? to the die surface and remains there after the ejection of the part. Soldering reactions are commonly observed during high pressure die casting of aluminum alloys, and involve the formation and growth of interfacial intermetallic layers between the die and the cast alloy. This phenomenon resulting in damage to the die and poor surface quality of the casting, but increase the production cost. This research is done to study the morphology and the thickness and hardness characteristic formation of the intermetallic layers during dipping test. In this research, intermetallic layers were formed between H13 tool steel substrates and Al-11wt%Si melt containing 0.66%Fe, 0.792%Fe, and 1.088%Fe. This research is done by dipped as-annealed H13 tool steel into Al-11wt%Si melt and holded in 30 minutes to simulate die casting process. This result showed two intermetallic layers in the surface of H13 tool steel, compact intermetallic layer containing AlxFey phase and broken intermetallic layer containing AlxFeySiz phase, and it was demonstrated that a higher iron content reduces the total thicness of compact intermetallic layer and broken intermetallic layer. And then, it showed that the thickness of intermetallic layer will increase as the content of iron diffuse from H13 substrate is increase."

"Proses anodisasi pada aluminium menghasilkan struktur fenomenal berupa oksida logam yang terkenal dengan istilah Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO). AAO sangat diperlukan untuk meningkatkan daya adhesi pada proses pelapisan selanjutnya baik pada aluminium dan paduannya maupun komposit aluminium. Hal tersebut terjadi akibat adanya ikatan saling kunci antara lapisan oksida hasil anodisasi (AAO) dengan pelapis berikutnya. Morfologi pori pada AAO dapat dengan mudah dimodifikasi melalui perubahan parameter anodisasi. Namun, sayangnya penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya belum menyediakan informasi apapun mengenai pengontrolan diameter pori. Sedangkan seperti yang kita ketahui bahwa perbedaan aplikasi yang diinginkan membutuhkan diameter pori yang berbeda pula. Oleh karena itu guna mendapatkan diameter pori dengan ukuran tertentu maka pemilihan parameter proses anodisasi yang tepat sangatlah penting. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut, dalam penelitian ini akan dihasilkan persamaan empiris yang dapat memprediksi ukuran diameter dan densitas pori AAO yang terbentuk hasil anodisasi dengan berbagai parameter tertentu agar dapat digunakan dalam aplikasi yang sesuai. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah pengembangan persamaan empiris yang menggambarkan hubungan konsentrasi oksalat, tegangan dan waktu anodisasi terhadap diameter pori. Namun penelitian ini juga menganalisis mekanisme pembentukan, karakteristik, dan ketahanan korosi lapisan terintegrasi pada Al7075/SiC. Serta menganalisis pengaruh konsentrasi, temperatur, dan resistivitas larutan elektrolit, dan tegangan anodisasi terhadap diameter dan densitas pori AAO pada aluminium foil. Proses anodisasi Al7075/SiC dilakukan dalam larutan asam sulfat 16% H2SO4 dengan rapat arus 15, 20, 25 mA/cm2 pada 25, 0, -25oC selama 30 menit. Selanjutnya dilakukan proses sealing dalam larutan CeCl3.6H2O + H2O2 pada temperatur ruang dengan pH 9 selama 30 menit. Proses anodisasi pada aluminium foil dilakukan dalam larutan 3 M H2SO4 + 0,5 M; 0,7 M; dan 0,9 M H2C2O4, dan 0,3; 0,5; 0,7 M H2C2O4 selama 40-60 menit. Proses anodisasi dilakukan pada tegangan konstan 35, 40, dan 45 V untuk larutan asam oksalat dan 15 V untuk larutan campuran. Pengamatan dan evaluasi morfologi lapisan pori hasil anodisasi dilakukan menggunakan alat FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope), ketahanan korosi material diinvestigasi menggunakan pengujian polarisasi dan EIS, sedangkan analisa kualitatif terhadap morfologi pori (diameter dan densitas) pada AAO menggunakan perangkat lunak ImagePro. Pengembangan persamaan empiris menggunakan metode derajat terkecil dan permukaan respon. Proses terintegrasi yang diaplikasikan pada komposit Al7075/SiC pada temperatur anodisasi 0 oC menghasilkan terbentuknya deposit bulat kaya cerium dengan diameter 64 nm ( 3 nm) yang menutupi seluruh permukaan lapisan oksida dan rongga secara efektif. Proteksi terintegrasi anodisasi dan pelapisan cerium meningkatkan ketahanan korosi hingga 4 order perbesaran dibandingkan tanpa perlindungan akibat terjadinya ikatan saling kunci antara kedua lapisan tersebut. Peningkatan konsentrasi larutan elektrolit asam oksalat, temperatur, tegangan dan waktu celup anodisasi dalam larutan 0,3; 0,5; dan 0,7 M mengakibatkan peningkatan diameter pori permukaan pada AAO. Sedangkan, penambahan asam sulfat dalam asam oksalat menghasilkan pori dengan morfologi diameter pori yang jauh lebih halus dan densitas pori yang jauh lebih besar. Secara umum, densitas pori hanya tergantung pada diameter pori hasil anodisasi, dimana peningkatan diameter pori menghasilkan densitas pori yang semakin menurun. Persamaan empiris hubungan antara tiga faktor anodisasi (konsentrasi asam oksalat, tegangan, dan waktu anodisasi) dengan diameter pori hasil dari penelitian ini adalah : Dp = 0,140625 MVt + 0,33125 MV ? 523542 Mt + 35,64583 M ? 0,04006 Vt + 0,685764 V +1,792431 t ? 42,5053 (derajat terkecil) dan Dp = 33,3 ? 236,3 M ? 1,453 V + 0,3942 t + 7,60 MV (metode derajat satu)

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Anodizing process in aluminum produces a phenomenal structure in form of metal oxide which is known as Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO). AAOis a very useful morfology to improve the adhesion properties for further coating in aluminum alloy and composite aluminum. This phenomenon is related to the presence of interlock bond between AAO and the next layer. The AAO morphology can be modified simply by varying anodizing parameters.

Therefore, selecting appropriate parameters plays an important role in order to obtain the desired pore size. Unfortunately, the preliminary studies did not provide any information on controlling the pore size and density (through increasing/decreasing the concentration of sulfuric acids, voltage, and duration of anodizing to determine pore diameter and density).

For that purpose, in this research some empirical models were built to predict the pore size produced by anodizing process in various parameters. The grand design if this research aims to develop empirical equations which predict the relationship between oxalic acid concentration, anodizing voltage and time to the pore diameter. However, this research also aims to analyze the formation mechanism and of the integrated layer on Al7075/SiC, as well as the enhancement of corrosion resistance resulted from the integrated layer. Moreover, the influence of various anodizing parameters, i.e. resistivity, concentration, temperature, and type of electrolyte on pore characteristics of AAOis also conducted in this study.

Anodizing process of Al7075/SiC was conducted in 16% H2SO4 solution in current densities 15, 20, 25 mA/cm2 at25, 0, -25oC for 30 minutes. Subsequently, cerium sealing process was carried out in CeCl3.6H2O+H2O2 at room temperature and pH 9 for 30 minutes. Anodizing of aluminum foil were carried out in 0,3; 0,5; 0,7M H2C2O4 solution and a mixture solution of 0.5M, 0.7M, and 0.9M H2C2O4 and 3M H2SO4 for 40-60 minutes. Anodizing processes were performed under potentiostatic conditions with constant potentials of 35, 40, and 45V for oxalic solution and 15 V for a mixture solution.

Morphology of AAO layer observations were performed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) FEI Inspect F50, while the corrosion resistance of materials were investigated by means of polarization and EIS, and qualitative analysis of pore characteristics (pore diameters and densities) accomplised by ImagePro software.

The development of empirical equations using least square and response surface methods Integrated protection by conducting anodization at 0oC prior to cerium sealing in Al7075/SiC leads tothe formation of cerium spherical deposit in the diameter of 64 nm ( 3nm) which effectively covered most of the surface of oxide film as well as cavity. Moreover, this integrated protection enhanced four orders magnification of corrosion resistance than that of bare composite due to interlock bonding between the layers.

The increasing of electrolyte concentration and temperature, as well as voltage and duration of anodizing in 0.3; 0.5; dan 0.7 M oxalic acid leads to the increasing of pore diameter in AAO surface. While, the addition of sulfuric acid in oxalic acid provides much smaller pore diameters and higher pore densities at lower voltages than single electrolyte of oxalic acid. In general, pore density is only dependent on pore diameter, which decreases with the increases of pore diameter. The empirical equations built in this research are : Dp = 0,140625 MVt + 0,33125 MV ? 523542 Mt + 35,64583 M ? 0,04006 Vt + 0,685764 V +1,792431 t ? 42,5053 (least square) and Dp = 33,3 ? 236,3 M ? 1,453 V + 0,3942 t + 7,60 MV (first order model) "

"Nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) layers were successfully fabricated on aluminum foil through an anodizing process in oxalic acid and mixed electrolytes of sulfuric and oxalic acid. The effect of electrolyte resistivity on the morphology of nanoporous AAO, such as pore diameter and pore density, was investigated. The nanoporous AAO layers‘bmorphology was examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and analyzed using image analysis software. The results showed that anodizing in mixed electrolytes (sulfuric and oxalic acid) produced a much smaller pore diameter and a much higher pore density at lower voltage compared to anodizing in a single oxalic acid. For the anodizing process in oxalic acid, the pore diameters ranged from 14 to 52 nm, and the pore density ranged from 34?106 pores in 500×500 nm2. The anodizing process in the mixed electrolytes resulted in pore diameters within the range of 7?14 nm, and the pore densities were within the range of 211?779 pores in 500×500 nm2. Overall, increasing the electrolyte resistivity within the same solution leads to decreased pore diameter."

"The anodizing process was conducted in an Al7xxx aluminum alloy with silicon carbide which yielded a non-uniform thickness of anodic film with cavities, micro-pores and micro-cracks within it. This phenomenon occurred due to the presence of Silicon Carbide (SiC) particles within the Aluminum Matrix Composite (AMC), which impedes the initiation and growth of the protective anodic alumina oxide layer. Therefore, cerium sealing has been considered as the cheapest and simplest post treatment to remedy the poor anodic alumina oxide film in order to further enhance the corrosion resistance in aggressive circumstances. This paper examined the protection effect of an integrated layer which was composed of an anodized oxide layer and cerium deposits on an Al7075/SiC composite. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was used to examine the corrosion protection effect and the corrosion behavior of an integrated layer in 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution at room temperature. In this study, anodizing of Al7075/SiC was carried out in a sulfuric acid H2SO4 solution at current density values of 15, 20, and 25 mA/cm2, respectively at room temperature, 0oC and -25oC for 30 minutes. Subsequently, cerium sealing was conducted in a cerium choloride plus hydrogen peroxide (CeCl3.6H2O + H2O2) solution at room temperature and pH 9 for 30 minutes. The best protection effect was found for Al7075/SiC, anodized at 0oC. Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) examination confirmed that the enhancement of corrosion resistance was due to the cerium deposit formed on the entire surface of the oxide anodized layer."