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"Diabetes melitus merupakan penyakit gangguan metabolisme yang ditandai dengan hiperglikemia. Prevalensi diabetes tipe 2 (T2D), merupakan ancaman kesehatan masyarakat global. Penanganan kadar gula darah post prandial dan pencegahan komplikasi dengan antioksidan merupakan salah satu upaya menjaga sistem metabolisme tubuh. Berdasarkan Ayurveda, tanaman Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel diketahui memiliki aktivitas antidiabetes dan antioksidan, sementara di Indonesia nilai pemanfaatan tanaman tersebut secara tradisional untuk tujuan kesehatan belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi, mengidentifikasi, serta mengevaluasi aktivitas antidiabetes dan antioksidan dari ekstrak metanol daun (ED) dan ekstrak metanol kulit batang (EK), melalui penghambatan enzim α-glukosidase, DPP-IV, serta radikal DPPH secara in vitro. Ekstraksi dilakukan menggunakan ultrasound assisted-extraction (UAE). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa EK memiliki aktivitas antidiabetes dan antioksidan yang lebih baik dibanding ED. Nilai IC50 terkait penghambatan α-glukosidase, DPP-4, dan DPPH dari EK secara berurutan yaitu 14,36 ± 0,21; 205,39 ± 2,94; dan 8,04 ± 0,05 μg/mL, lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan nilai IC50 dari ED, yaitu sebesar 429,89 ± 3,39; 2630,53 ± 55,87; dan 115,42 ± 0,39 μg/mL. Dilakukan pemisahan lebih lanjut pada EK dengan fraksinasi padat-cair. Isolasi senyawa menggunakan kromatografi kolom menggunakan fase diam silika gel dilakukan dari fraksi etil asetat (FEA) yang memiliki potensi aktivitas antidiabetes dan antioksidan dengan nilai IC50 > 50 μg/mL. Pemisahan FEA menghasilkan 11 subfraksi (F1 – F11). Pemurnian fraksi etil asetat menghasilkan senyawa lupeol, asam betulinat, dan kuersetin secara berurutan, dengan nilai IC50 terhadap α-glukosidase 43,76 ± 0,40; 17,75 ± 0,21; dan 23,01 ± 0,46 μg/mL; nilai IC50 terhadap DPP-IV menghasilkan 295,46 ± 5,36; 244,67 ± 1,00; dan 130,25 ± 8,84 μg/mL, dan penghambatan terhadap radikal DPPH menunjukkan nilai IC50 439,08 ± 5,22; 317,29 ± 4,22; dan 4,91 ± 0,02 μg/mL. Asam betulinat dan kuersetin yang memiliki nilai IC50 terendah terhadap enzim α-glukosidase, menunjukkan tipe penghambatan non kompetitif campuran.......Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global public health threat. Managing post-prandial blood sugar levels and preventing complications with antioxidants is one of the efforts to maintain the body's metabolic system. Based on Ayurveda, Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel plant is known to have antidiabetic and antioxidant activities, while in Indonesia, the value of traditional use of these plants for health purposes has never been reported. This study aims to isolate, identify, and evaluate the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of leaf methanol extract (ED) and stem bark methanol extract (EK) through inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme, DPP-IV, and DPPH radical in vitro. The extraction was performed using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Results showed that EK had better antidiabetic and antioxidant activities than ED. The IC50 values related to α-glucosidase, DPP-4, and DPPH inhibition of EK were 14.36 ± 0.21; 205.39 ± 2.94; and 8.04 ± 0.05 μg/mL, respectively, lower than the IC50 values of ED, which were 429.89 ± 3.39; 2630.53 ± 55.87; and 115.42 ± 0.39 μg/mL. Further separation of EK was carried out by solid-liquid fractionation. Isolation of compounds by column chromatography using silica gel stationary phase was carried out from the ethyl acetate fraction (FEA) which has potential antidiabetic and antioxidant activity with IC50 value > 50 μg/mL. Separation of FEA resulted in 11 subfractions (F1 - F11). Purification of the ethyl acetate fraction produces the compounds lupeol, betulinic acid, and quercetin respectively, with IC50 values against α-glucosidase of 43.76 ± 0.40; 17.75 ± 0.21; and 23.01 ± 0.46 μg/mL; IC50 values against DPP-IV resulted in 295.46 ± 5.36; 244.67 ± 1.00; and 130.25 ± 8.84 μg/mL, inhibition of DPPH radicals demonstrated IC50 values of 439.08 ± 5.22; 317.29 ± 4.22; and 4.91 ± 0.02 μg/mL. Betulinic acid and quercetin which had the lowest IC50 values against α-glucosidase enzyme, showed mixed non-competitive inhibition type."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai aktivitas amilolitik kapang dan sakarolitik khamir penghasil alkohol dari ragi tapai telah dilakukan. Sebanyak 22 isolat kapang dan 10 isolat khamir berhasil diisolasi dari ragi tapai yang berasal dari 5 daerah berbeda, yaitu Aceh, Bengkulu, Medan, Pontianak, dan Sulawesi. Penapisan isolat kapang secara kualitatif dan semi-kuantitatif dilakukan dengan metode iodin. Aktivitas amilase kapang secara kualitatif ditentukan berdasarkan ukuran zona bening setelah diteteskan dengan pereaksi iodin. Penapisan aktivitas amilase secara semi-kuantitatif diukur dengan spektrofotometer pada 620 nm. Hasil penapisan secara kualitatif menunjukkan bahwa isolat ZMDN1, ZMDN2, dan ZRS1 masing-masing memiliki diameter zona bening yang sama sebesar 85 mm. Penapisan secara semi-kuantitatif menunjukkan bahwa isolat ZMDN1 dan ZRS1 memiliki nilai transmitan (T) sebesar 96%, sedangkan isolat ZMDN2 memiliki nilai transmitan (T) sebesar 45%. Aktivitas amilase tiga isolat kapang terpilih diukur lebih lanjut menggunakan metode Dinitrosalicyclic Acid (DNS). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa isolat ZMDN1 memiliki nilai aktivitas amilase tertinggi sebesar 8,53 U/mL sedangkan aktivitas terendah, 4,88 U/mL dihasilkan oleh isolat ZRS1. Berdasarkan pengamatan karakter morfologi makroskopis dan mikroskopis, ketiga isolat kapang terpilih diduga merupakan anggota genus Amylomyces. Hasil penapisan khamir berdasarkan pertumbuhan sel dan pembentukan gas CO2 di dalam tabung Durham menunjukkan bahwa ketiga isolat khamir YPN2, YBKL1, dan YPN1 mampu tumbuh baik pada medium PDB dengan penambahan 15% glukosa. Produksi alkohol berdasarkan pembentukan CO2 oleh YPN2 telah terlihat dalam 24 jam, sementara isolat khamir YBKL1 dan YPN1 terlihat dalam 48 jam. Ketiga isolat khamir terpilih diduga merupakan anggota filum Ascomycota berdasarkan karakter morfologi dan kemampuan memfermentasi glukosa untuk menghasilkan alkohol dan CO2.

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ABSTRACTA research on screening of amylolytic molds and saccharolytic yeasts from ragi tapai has been done. Twenty two isolates of mold and ten isolates of yeast were isolated from ragi tapai originating from five regions in Indonesia. The five regions are Aceh, Bengkulu, Medan, Pontianak, and Sulawesi. Qualitative and semi-quantitative screening of mold isolates were carried out by iodine method. The amylase activity of molds were qualitatively determined based on the formation of clear zones after flooding with iodine reagent. Semi-quantitative screening of amylase activity was measured by spectrophotometer based on the highest transmittance value at 620 nm. Qualitative screening results showed that ZMDN1, ZMDN2, and ZRS1 isolates have the same clear zone diameter of 85 mm. Semi-quantitative screening showed that ZMDN1 and ZRS1 isolates have 96% transmittance value, whereas ZMDN2 isolates has 45% transmittance value. Based on the screening results, the three mold isolates were thought to have the highest amylase activity. The amylase activity of the three selected molds was measured further using the Dinitrosalicyclic Acid (DNS) method. The highest amylase activity value was produced by ZMDN1 isolate (8.53 U/mL), while the lowest amylase activity value was produced by ZRS1 isolate (4.88 U/mL). Based on the macroscopic and microscopic morphological characteristics, the three selected isolates belong to the genus Amylomyces. Yeast screening results based on cell growth and formation of CO2 gas in Durham tubes showed that the three yeast isolates were able to grow well on the PDB medium with the addition of 15% glucose. Alcohol production based on CO2 formation by YPN2 was detected in 24 hours, while YBKL1 and YPN1 was detected in 48 hours. The three selected yeast isolates are members of the phylum Ascomycota, based on morphological characteristic and ability to ferment glucose to produce alcohol and CO2."