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"This review article gives a brief history of the classical experiments that led to the development of the embryo culture medium and in vitro embryo culture. It proposes that, in view of the outstanding and significant pioneering contributions of Wesley Kingston Whitten to the development of embryo culture medium, he be considered the “Father of Embryo Culture Medium”. Furthermore, it describes the nutritional requirements of early embryos and how these requirements with specific references to carbohydrates, amino acids, phosphates, growth factors, etc, have been utilized to formulate increasingly more complex embryo culture media. This has led to the development of progressively more efficacious embryo culture media including the formulation of completely defined and synthetic protein-free embryo culture medium. The review also describes physical factors, growth factors, insemination methods for the fertilization of oocytes and culture methods affecting embryo growth, development, metabolism, oxygen embryotoxicity and survival. In procedural terms, the review also summarizes the evolution of embryo culture techniques from tube culture to, microdrop culture under oil to co-culture to ultra microdrop culture techniques. It includes techniques of in vitro maturation and for the selection of potentially viable embryos of various developmental stages"

"In the United States, the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA) of 1988 describes requirements and guidelines for implementing a quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) program for moderate and high complexity laboratories. These requirements and guidelines apply to Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) laboratories as well. The general topic of QC and QA as it pertains to in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET) is extensively reviewed. This review summarizes many of the QC and QA events that contribute to the advancement of knowledge in this biotechnological field. These events include control of the culture environment inside and outside of the incubator, as well as factors that affect culture media. This review also discusses, in considerable detail, the QC and the QA that pertain to equipment used within the laboratory and how to control for potential contaminants, which reside within the laboratory. This review provides evidence to indicate the need for laboratory personnel to monitor quality improvement issues on a continuous basis. Personnel must be willing to change as improvements in technology occur in order to meet the ever-evolving demands of a more difficult patient population. Suggestions for meeting these demands are offered"

"after the world witnessed groundbreaking early advances in assisted reproduction that utilized conventional in vitro fertilization in the human, more complex invasive techniques of oocyte and embryo manipulation were introduced to treat human subfertility. amongst these were numrous micromanipulation techniques such as partial zona dissection (PZD; 1988), subzonal insemination (SUZI, 1988) and subsequently ICSI, which became the most powelful tool of assisted fertilization (1992). ICSI requires micromanipulation of both the male and the female gamete. another importand approach is laser-assisted opening of the zona pellucida at different stages of preimplantation development either; to assist hatching (1990) or to remove cells for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (1989), or fragments to restore the integrity of an embryo (1999). sometimes even blastocysts considered for vitrification need further manipulation in order to artificially shrink the blastocoel which facilitates survival of expanded blastocyst (2002). other methods for reproductive purposes, however, failed to gain acceptance in population, such as cytoplasm transfer (1997), nuchler transfer (1998) and cloning (1996), to name but a few"

"the availabilty of assisted reproductive technologies and advances in molecular biology gave rise to preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). PGD is an early form of prental diagnosis and determines the genotype of an embryo before implantation takes place to avoid the implantation of diseased embryos. this requires couples to adhere to a strict family planning and effective contraceptive strategy, and undergo in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. during IVF, sampling of the cells can be performed at different developmental stages from polar body biopsy to trophectoderm cells from the blastocysts. it is indicated in couples with a family history of monogenic autosomal or X-linked recessive or dominant disorders and in detecting chromosomal aberrations of the embryos. the genetic diagnosis is performed using appropriate molecular testing which might include polymerase chain reaction, fluorescent in situ hybridization, comparative genomic hybridization or microarrays. PGD is now a wellestablished procedure and offers an alternative reproductive choice for couples who are at risk of an affected child. in this review, the past, present and future aspect of PGD will be covered. "