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"Objective: There are many factors that govern growth and resistant of Salmonella typhi. A study had reported that the use of sodium benzoate caused antibiotic resistant. However, no study has directly evaluated the effect of sodium benzoate exposure on S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance or sensitivity of S. typhi to chloramphenicol after sodium benzoate exposure. Methods: The study was conducted in seven groups: three treatment groups (sodium benzoate insensitive S. typhi+8 μg/mL, 16 μg/mL, and 32 μg/mL of chloramphenicol), three positive control groups (sodium benzoate sensitive S. typhi+8 μg/mL, 16 μg/mL, and 32 μg/mL of chloramphenicol), and one negative control groups (sodium benzoate sensitive S. typhi+0 μg/mL of chloramphenicol). The effect of sodium benzoate exposure to S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol was measured after 24 hours. Spearman test was used to analyzed this association. Results: In this study, we found that the average S. typhi growth in the treatment groups (A, B, C) was 445 CFU/mL, 385 CFU/mL, and 171 CFU/mL, respectively. While in the positive control group (D, E, F) was not obtained any S. typhi growth. Average S. typhi growth in the negative control group was 430 CFU/mL. We found that sodium benzoate exposure inhibited S. typhi growth and affected S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol (p<0.05). In addition, we found that 32 μg/mL chloramphenicol had the highest mean difference value, so this showed that the dose 32 μg/mL of chloramphenicol had the best effectiveness of various treatment groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: Sodium benzoate exposure can inhibit S. typhi growth and cause S. typhi resistant to chloramphenicol.;"

"Efek antibakteria ekstrak kulit buah delima (Granati fructus cortex) pada Streptococcus mutans in vitro. Granati fructus cortex mengandung senyawa-senyawa antibakteri seperti alkaloid, flavonoid, dan tannin. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi efek antibakteri Granati fructus cortex dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimental laboratoris yang menguji daya hambat antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi agar dengan media MHA. Hasil: Ekstrak kulit buah delima dalam berbagai konsentrasi memiliki efek antibakteri, ekstrak kulit buah delima dengan konsentrasi 30% memiliki rata-rata zona hambat paling besar (15,4mm). Semakin tinggi konsentrasi ekstrak kulit buah delima maka semakin besar zona hambat yang terbentuk. Hasil uji ini juga menunjukkan adanya perbedaan rata-rata zona hambat dalam berbagai konsentrasi ekstrak kulit buah delima. Simpulan: Granati fructus cortex memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans.

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The rind of pomegranate fruit (Granati fructus cortex) composed of antibacterial compounds such as alkaloid, flavonoid and tannin. Objective: To evaluate the bacterial effect of Granati fructus cortex extract against Streptococcus mutans. Methods: To study was laboratory experimental. The inhibition test was performed by agar diffusion method on MHA medium. Results: It showed the bacterial property of Granati fructus cortex on various concentration. The highest extract concentration of 30% extract has the largest of inhibition zones (15.4mm). The result showed a difference in the size of inhibition zones related to different extract concentrations. Coclusion: This study confirmed the antibacteria effect of Granati Fructus cortex on the growth of Streptococcus mutants."