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"Latar belakang: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) terjadi apabila terdapat satu atau lebih gigi karies, gigi yang hilang akibat karies atau gigi yang telah ditambal pada anak usia dibawah 71 bulan. Dalam dua dekade terakhir berbagai studi menunjukkan Candida albicans (C. albicans) juga merupakan faktor utama penyebab karies. Tindakan pencegahan ECC dapat dilakukan dengan menyikat gigi menggunakan pasta gigi secara rutin. Salah satu bahan herbal yang telah terbukti memiliki efek antimikroba adalah Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). Kandungan asam lemak pada VCO menyebabkan VCO memiliki efek antifungal, antibakteri dan antivirus Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini menguji VCO sediaan pasta gigi konsentrasi 8% dan 80% terhadap viabilitas biofilm C. albicans pasien ECC. Biofilm dibentuk pada 96-microwell plate. Setelah inkubasi 24 jam, plat dimasukkan ke dalam microplate reader untuk mendapatkan nilai viabilitas biofilm diukur menggunakan perhitungan optical density (OD). Hasil: Analisis data menggunakan uji t-test tidak berpasangan menunjukkan nilai viabilitas biofilm C. albicans setelah pemberian VCO sediaan pasta gigi konsentrasi 8% berbeda tidak bermakna dengan kontrol negatif (tanpa bahan uji). Sedangkan nilai viabilitas biofilm C. albicans setelah pemberian VCO sediaan pasta gigi konsentrasi 80% menunjukkan nilai viabilitas biofilm C. albicans berbeda bermakna dengan kontrol negatif. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan viabilitas biofilm C. albicans setelah pemberian VCO sediaan pasta gigi konsentrasi 8% meningkat. Sebaliknya, VCO sediaan pasta gigi konsentrasi 80% menurunkan viabilitas C. albicans.

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Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is defined as a child 71 months of age or younger with the presence of one or more decayed teeth, missing (due to caries) or filled teeth surface. In the past two decades, various studies have shown Candida albicans (C. albicans) also the main etiology of dental caries. ECC prevention can be carried out by brushing teeth regularly using toothpaste. VCO is one of natural product that has been proven to have antimicrobial effect. The fatty acid content in VCO causes VCO to exhibit antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral effect. Methods: This study tested VCO 8% and 80% toothpaste against C. albicans biofilm viability. Biofilm was formed on 96-microwell plate. After 24 hours incubation, plate was inserted into microplate reader to obtain biofilm viability value measured using optical density (OD). Results: Data analysis using independent t-test showed C. albicans biofilm viability in VCO 8% toothpaste group was not significantly different from negative control. However, C. albicans biofilm viability in VCO 80% toothpaste was significantly different from negative control. Conclusion: This study showed increasing C. albicans biofilm viability after VCO 8% toothpaste exposure. In contrast, VCO 80% toothpaste decreased C. albicans biofilm viability."

"Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia which is surrounded by its satellite cities Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi.Nonetheless, scarce information are available of the current oral health of children. Objective: The study aims todescribe caries and gingival status among 5 and 12 years old children in Jabodetabek. Jabodetabek is an abbreviationof Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, and the satellite cities in its surrounding (Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi).Methods: The survey was done in 2014 and had already got ethical approval. Design of this study was crosssectional.Subjects were 5-year-old and 12-year-old Indonesian children living in Jabodetabek, selected using cluster samplingmethod. One trained examiner performed the clinical examination. Caries experience was measured using DMFTindex, severity of decayed teeth was assessed using PUFA index, gingival status and oral hygiene were measuredby Loe and Sillness modified index. Results: A total of 390 5-year-old and 458 12-year-old children with balancedproportion between girls and boys participated in the survey. The prevalence of caries experience among the 5-yearoldchildren and 12-year-old children were 90% and 84% respectively. The mean DMFT and DT scores amongthe 5-year-old children and 12-year-old children were 7.5±5.5 and 6.8±4.8; 3.2±2.2 and 2.9±2.1 respectively. Pulpinvolvement were apparent in 45% and 23% of caries in 5 and 12-year-old children respectively. Most children, 45%5-year-old children and 92% 12-year-old children had substantial amount of plaque. Moreover, 68% 12-year-oldchildren had gingivitis. Conclusion: Dental caries were prevalent among 5 and 12-year-old Indonesian children inJakarta and its satellite cities. The oral health condition of most of the children were poor."

"Objective: To investigate the phenotype and genotype of E. faecalis isolated from the root canal and saliva of primary endodontic patients with periapical lesions.Methods: Eighte variations en adult male and female individuals suffering from primary endodontic infection, either with or without periapical lesions, were involved in this study. Root canal scraping and saliva were collected from each subject and used for bacterial quantitation using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Enterococci were isolated using ChromAgar medium and then identified using both biochemical (Gram staining and catalase tests) and molecular biology (conventional PCR) methods. Gelatinase activity, polysaccharide capsul profile and mRNA ace expression level were determined using microbiological, biochemical and molecular biology approach, respectively. Genotype of E. faecalis was determined based on nucleotide sequence of ace and gelE genes analyzed using web-based 3730xl DNA Analyze software.Results: The results showed that except for its proportion, no significant difference was found in phenotypes (gelatinase activity and mRNA ace expression levels) and genotypes (polymorphism of Cps operon and variation of ace and gelE nucleotide sequences) of E. faecalis isolated from the root canal and saliva of primary endodontic patients had or had no periapical lesions.Conclusion: It can be concluded that E. faecalis proportion had a role in the occurrence of periapical lesions in the primary endodontic patients, but not gelatinase activity, mRNA ace expression level, Cps operon polymorphism or ace and gelE nucleotide sequence variations."

"Special needs patients (SNP) have diffculty accessing dental services, partly due to reluctance of dentists to treat them. Objective: We assess didactic and clinical training experiences of fnal-year dental students and new graduates in managing SNP. Methods: An online questionnaire was sent to 123 fnal year dental students and new graduates, assessing their experiences and readiness in handling SNP. Results: Majority of the respondents were not confdent in attending to SNP. Majority gained knowledge in handling SNP via lectures while more than half had managed patients with complex medical history. Majority mentioned a lack of clinical training to treat SNP as their dental training experience had only been in a dental school clinical setting. Most of the respondents hope their curriculum would include more education to improve clinical skills in managing SNP. Conclusion: Respondents demonstrated minimum training and lack of confdence and skills that might contribute to a lack of preparedness to manage the oral health care needs of SNP. Clinical exposure in managing SNP at the undergraduate level is still inadequate and it needs to be emphasized in the curriculum."

"Research on the impacts of the ‘requirement system’ on student learning is still rare, however the system is still widely applied by Dental Schools in many countries. The major consequent of this system is the unpreparedness of students’ learning prior to presenting patients with particular complaints. Objective: This study aimed to explore the effect of the ‘requirement system’ on students’ learning strategy in Dental Education University of Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia. Methods: This was a qualitative-phenomenography study. The collection of data was through observations and interviews. The number of subjects was 13 students of the same batch in a clinical education level, determined by purposive sampling. Observations by 2 clinical teachers were done in advance and lasted for six weeks, followed by in-depth interviews. The analysis followed the phenomenography method. Results: Interviews revealed that application of the ‘requirement system’ had prompted the students to get the patients and to learn or not learn correspondingly to the specified cases. Students will have adequate preparation to learn if they are motivated to discuss with the teachers, having previous experiences, and if the patient is perceived to be special. Inadequate preparation of learning occurred when students felt tired, insufficient time between patients’ arrival and presentation in front of clinical teachers, and repetition of the case. Observations revealed that preparation for learning did not consequently lead to students’ performance in doing clinical work. ‘Well-done’ up to ‘less than expected’ performances were found in both single-cases as well repetition-cases. Conclusion: ‘Requirement system’ driven students’ preparation for learning. However, number of cases did not. Modifying the ‘requirement system’ and improving the quality of clinical supervision are two important things suggested by this study."

"Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that can cause fatal infection in immunocompromised patient. This is an opportunist pathogen which is associated with some dental infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces pyocyanin that functions as an important virulent factor in bacterial invasion. It can be identified in the lesion tissue and capable to induce cellular damage in endothelial cell, respiratory, neutrophil, and lymphocytes. B lymphocyte plays a significant role in the immune response of periapical infection; however, its cellular and molecular response to pyocyanin is unclear.

Objective: To investigate cellular responses of B lymphocyte to the exposure of pyocyanin and the role of caspase-3 in its molecular mechanism.

Methods: B lymphocytes (Raji cells) were cultured, and in five replications were exposed to various concentrations of pyocyanin for 24 h. MTT assay was performed to analyze the cytotoxicity effect of pyocyanin. Cell morphological analysis using phase contrast microscope were done in separate experiments. Immunocytochemical analysis was carried out for the identification of active caspase-3 protein expression, to study the mechanism involved in pyocyanin induced cellular damage.

Results: It showed that cell viability was decreased in pcyocyanin-treated groups. Pyocyanin induced cell death on B lymphocyte in a dose-dependent manner. Statistical analysis using ANOVA demonstrated significant difference between groups with p=0.000. Nuclear fragmentation was observed in pyocyanin-induced cell death; furthermore, caspase-3 was expressed clearly in cell cytoplasm after 24 h incubation.

Conclusion: Pyocyanin is capable of inducing cell death on B lymphocyte. Caspase-3 may play an important role in the molecular mechanism of pyocyanin-induced cell death."

"Oral commensal bacterium Streptococcus sanguinis may find in periodontal lesions, deep seated infection, and infective endocarditis that are usually dominated by anaerobes. This bacterium caused cell death on some cells but host responses to this species remained unclear. Objective: This study was aimed to detect cell morphologicalchange and role of caspase-3 in cell death mechanism induced by S. sanguinis. Methods: HeLa cells as representative model for oral epithelial cells were exposed to 107 cells/ml bacteria for 48 h. Morphological change was observed microscopically after hematoxyline-eosin staining. Expression of active caspase-3 was examined by immunocytochemical analysis after cell stimulation for 36 and 48 h with wild type supragingival S. sanguinis. Doxorubicin (0.5625 μg/ml) was used as positive control for caspase-3 activation. Results: The results showed cell shrinkage of bacterial-treated cells; and active caspase-3 molecules were detected after 36 and 48 hours cell stimulation. Conclusion: This study would suggest cell shrinkage and caspase-3-dependent apoptotic cell death induced by S. sanguinis."

"Ekspresi Interleukin-10 dan Tumor Necrosis-alpha terkait hari kehamilan pada tikus yang terinfeksi Porphyromonas gingivalis. Restriksi pertumbuhan janin masih menjadi penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas neonatal. Porphyromonas gingivalis dapat menginduksi respon inflamasi plasenta yang mengakibatkan restriksi pertumbuhan janin. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi potensi sitokin pro-inflamasi TNF-α dan sitokin anti-inflamasi IL-10 pada jaringan plasenta tikus untuk memahami peristiwa yang saling berkaitan dengan kasus restriksi pertumbuhan janin. Metode: Tikus betina diinfeksi dengan live-Porphyromonas gingivalis pada konsentrasi 2x109 sel/ml di area sulkus subgingiva molar pertama rahang atas sebelum dan/atau selama kehamilan. Tikus tersebut dikorbankan pada hari kehamilan (GD)-14 dan GD20. Ekspresi TNF-α dan IL-10 pada makrofag dan sel-sel trofoblas dideteksi secara imunohistokimia. Hasil: Ekspresi TNF-α lebih banyak ditemukan padaspongiotrofoblas kelompok Pg-BD pada GD14 (6,30 ± 1,16) dan sel-sel raksasa trofoblastik kelompok Pg-D pada GD20 (5,50 ± 1,35). Selain itu, ekspresi IL-10 lebih banyak ditemukan pada sel-sel raksasa trofoblastik kelompok Pg-BD pada GD14 (4,50 ± 1,51), dan sinsitiotrofoblas kelompok Pg-BD pada GD20 (8.70 ± 2.67). Simpulan: Ekspresi TNF-α pada GD14 dan GD20 disertai oleh peningkatan ekspresi IL-10. Kondisi patologis plasenta yang diinduksi Porphyromonas gingivalis dapat dihambat oleh peningkatan ekspresi IL-10 pada makrofag dan sel-sel trofoblas.

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Fetal growth restriction remains a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Porphyromonas gingivalis can induce placental inflammatory response resulting in fetal growth restriction. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the potential utility of the pro inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10in rat placental tissues to understand whether these events were causally related. Methods: Female rats were infected with live Porphyromonas gingivalis at concentration of 2x109 cells/ml into subgingival sulcus area of the maxillary first molar before and/or during pregnancy. They were sacrificed on gestational day (GD)-14 and GD20. The expression of TNF-α and IL-10 in macrophages and trophoblast cells were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: A higher expression of TNF-α was found in spongiotrophoblast of the Pg-BD group on GD14 (6.30±1.16), and in trophoblastic giant cells of Pg-D group on GD20 (5.50±1.35). Furthermore, a higher expression of IL-10 was found in trophoblastic giant cells of the Pg-BD group on GD14 (4.50±1.51) and in syncytiotrophoblasts of Pg-BD group on GD20 (8.70±2.67). Conclusion: The expression of TNF-α on GD14 and GD20 were accompanied by increased expression of IL-10. The placental pathologic conditions induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis can be inhibited by elevated expression of IL-10 in macrophages and trophoblast cells."

"Hubungan faktor-faktor risiko dan kelainan muskuloskeletal pada mahasiswa profesi kedokteran gigi: studi pendahuluan. Gangguan muskuloskeletal banyak terjadi pada dokter gigi, 80% dari hasil pengukuran menggunakan instrumen Body Discomfort Map dan Brief Survey di FKG UI memperlihatkan bahwa gangguan muskuloskeletal terutama terjadi pada leher, bahu, lengan bawah, tangan dan punggung. Gangguan muskuloskeletal merupakan penyakit terbanyak dari penyakit akibat kerja di Indonesia. Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor-faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan gangguan muskuloskeletal pada mahasiswa tingkat profesi yang kerja praktik di FKG UI. Metode: Jenis penelitian observasional dengan disain potong lintang terhadap seluruh mahasiswa profesi yang kerja praktik di klinik FKG UI. Pemeriksaan gangguan muskuloskeletal menggunakan instrumen Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaires (CMDQ) dan faktor-faktor risiko diukur menggunakan kuesioner dengan pertanyaan tertutup dan survei diagnostik stres. Seluruh data yang terkumpuldi analisis statistik menggunakan chi-square dan uji regresi logistik. Hasil: Adanya hubungan bermakna antara faktor gerakan dalam bekerja (gerak repetitif, janggal membungkuk dan memutar) dengan gangguan muskuloskeletal (p<0,05) dan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara faktor lingkungan (stressor kerja) dengan gangguan muskuloskeletal (p<0,001). Kemudian pada hasil regresi logistik menunjukkan variabel yang dominan mempengaruhi terjadinya gangguan muskuloskeletal adalah gerakan dalam bekerja (OR 5,01 CI 90%) dan stres kerja (OR 7,47 CI 90%). Simpulan: Pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa adanya hubungan antara faktor gerakan dalam bekerja dan stres kerja terhadap gangguan muskuloskeletal.

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Musculoskeletal disorders are common among dentists, 80% of the measurement results using the instrument of Body Discomfort Map and Brief Survey in Faculty of Dentistry University of Indonesia (FKG UI) showed that musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) mainly occur in the neck, shoulder, forearm, hand and back. MSD are the most common type of occupational dental diseases in Indonesia. Objectives: To know the risk factors associated with MSD in students in FKG UI. Methods: This type of observational study with cross-sectional design of the entire profession students who work in clinic FKG UI. Examination of MSD was using Cornell MSD questionnaires (CMDQ) and risk factors were measured using a questionnaire with closed questions and DiagnosticStress Survey. All data collected were analyzed statistically using chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: A significant relationship between repetitive movements of factors, awkward bending and twisting with musculoskeletal disorders (p<0.05) and the presence of a significant association between work stress factors with musculoskeletal disorders (p<0.001). Then the logistic regression results indicate that a variable effect on musculoskeletal disorders is a movement in the work (OR 5.01; CI 90%) and stress of work (OR 7.47; CI 90%). Conclusion: In this study we can conclude that the relationship between the working and movement of factors of work stress on musculoskeletal disorders."

"Microleakage still occurs between cavity wall and resin composite restoration, although bonding agent such as Total-etch (TE) and Selfetch (SE) systems had been used. One of the causes of microleakage was associated to improper polymerization affected by curing distance.1.2 The objective of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of resin composite restoration using TE and SE adhesive systems that were polymerized at various curing distances. A total of 120 human molars were prepared for class V cavity and were divided into 4 groups with bonded resin composite restoration: Group A (TE): Filtek Z350 + Adper Single Bond 2; Group B (TE): Tetric N Ceram + Tetric N Bond; Group C (SE): Clearfil APX + SE Bond; and Group D (SE): Ceram X + Xeno III. Each group were divided into 3 parts (10 teeth each) which were restored at 0; 2 and 4 mm of curing distance respectively. After stored in aquadest at 37oC (24 hours), all specimens were immersed in 1% methylene blue solution (24 hours). Dye penetration at coronal site were observed under a stereomicroscope (Nikon SM 2800). The results showed that microleakage between 3 various curing distances of each group were not significantly different (Kruskall-Wallis test, p>0,05). Mann-Whitney U test (p<0,05) showed that microleakage between Group A-C; Group A-D and Group B-D were significantly different at 2 mm curing distance. Conclusion: microleakage of resin composite restoration with TE adhesive system were lower than SE at all curing distances."