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"Vertical distributions of scarabaeids dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) were studied in a tropical mountaineous rainforest of Gede-Pangrango National Park using human dung traps. Samples were collected at four different altitudes of 500-1000m, 1001-1500, 1501-2000 and 2001-2500m of five different collection sites (Cibodas, Selabintana, Situ Gunung, Bodogol, and Gunung Putri). As many as 1052 individuals of 28 species of scarabaeid dung beetles that belonging to five genera were collected.Onthophagus was the most diverse group, which consists of 21 species (75% of collected species) and followed by Copris with 3 species (10.7%), Paragymnopleurus with 2 species (7.1%), Catharsius with 1 species (3.6%), and Phacosoma with 1 species (3.6%). The Shanon-Winner index of diversity and evenness gradually declined with the increase of altitudes. The different of environment conditions on each altitude might affect to the diversity, abundance, and distribution of dung beetles. The diversity of dung beetles at the interval of 1001-1500m and 1501-2000m were not so high but abundance and similarity were high. Diversity index, evenness, abundance, and species similarity of dung beetles at the interval of 2001-2500m was low because of unfavorable habitat. Although the diversity of dung beetles at the interval 500-1000m was the highest, however abundance and similarity index were relatively low. Analyze of diversity, abundance, evenness, and similarity indexes of dung beetles on each of the different altitudes and environment conditions were discussed in this paper."

"Diversity on the lowland pitcher plants (Nepenthes spp.) in Central Kalimantan were conducted between August 2005 and September 2006 at three locations study. That is: Barito Ulu, Sebangau and Kasongan district. Survey inventories were used to determine the diversity of Nepenthes at the study site. We found sixteen Nepenthes at study area, divided nine Nepenthes species; N. albomarginata, N. ampullaria, N. gracilis, N. hirsuta, N. mirabilis, N. rafflesiana, N. reinwardtiana, N. stenophylla, one unidentified Nepenthes species and seven natural hybrid; N. xhookeriana (N. rafflesiana x N. ampullaria), N. xtrichocarpa (N. gracilis x N. ampullaria), N. xneglecta (N. gracilis x N. mirabilis), N. mirabilis x ampullaria, N. mirabilis x rafflesiana, N. reinwardtiana x N. mirabilis and N. reinwardtiana x gracilis. Heath forest and peat swamp forest are generaly the habitat of lowland Nepenthes at Central Kalimantan."

"This study was performed to evaluate the development of somatic embryo from embryogenic calli of ginger meristem culture. Completely randomized design was applied, replicated 4 times. Embryogenic calli from meristem tissue of inner shoot bud of rhizome obtained on MS medium containing 100 mg/L glutamine, 2% sucrose with the addition of 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 3.0 mg/L BA, were subjected to proliferation medium, MS and N basal media containing 3% mannitol. Then, transferred into somatic embryo maturation medium, either MS or N basal media supplemented with 6% sucrose. The number of somatic embryos-formed significantly affected by the proliferation medium applied. The highest number of somatic embryos (about 82.0 per 1 g friable calli) was achieved on the MS medium, 4 weeks after incubation. In addition, the optimum growth of embryogenic calli containing somatic embryos was obtained on MS and N medium supplemented with 6% sucrose. There were significantly difference between the media applied (MS and N ) to somatic embryos maturation. The highest number of mature somatic embryos (57.2 embrios) was achieved on the MS medium, 18 days after incubation."