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"In recent decades, marine geology has made significant contributions toward a better understanding of process affecting the global environment. The results of many studies have provided important information on climattic variations and on the causes for those changes. Close cooperation to geophysics, geochemistry and paleoclimatology have enchanced the ability to reconstruct the temporal development of ocean basins and climatic patterns throughout the geologically time period. A factor that makes the identifications of global climate change difficult is the remarkable complexity of Earth's climate control system. Weather and climate are influenced by numerous factors, including the solar energy output, the configuration of Earth's surface, and the composition of atmosphere. Climate has always been changing. The climate changes can be told through the geologically parameters such as ice core, sediments core, foraminifera, fossil, clay minerals, etc. Those parameters can help us to understand the climate system and its historical fluctuations and can help us to predict the future of climatic fluctuation. "

"ABSTRACTThe increase in research activities in recent years has generated a lot of data to be analysed. Research related communities need powerful software to perform their analyses, which can be a problem. particularly for those who live in developing countries, where the proprietary programs are often unaffordable. R may provide a solution, since it is open source software which can be installed on major operating systems. In addition, it is well maintained by the R Core Team, which ensures that the program and its packages work across platforms. The increasing usage of R, especially in universities, is not only proof that the program can be relied on, but it is also a guarantee that the software will continue developing. R and its capability, particularly for ecological research activities, will be described in this short note."

"ABSTRACTAmphipods inhabit many marine benthic habitats and have an important ecological role. However, there is a lack of information about Indonesian amphipod diversity and distribution, especially in the shallow subtidal sediments of Probolinggo and Tangerang. During the transition to the monsoon season in September 2014, eight subtidal stations were sampled in Bayeman (Probolinggo) on East Java and seven subtidal stations were sampled in Kramat Kebo (Tangerang) in West Java. A total of 7346 amphipods individuals were collected, comprising flve genera. Genus Photis was the most abundant group, followed by Grandidierella and Synchelidium. Multivariate analyses of these data indicated that sampling location and sediment granulometry were major determinants of distribution and composition of amphipods in Probolinggo and Tangerang."

"ABSTRACTThis study investigated the effects of the addition of coral rubble and polyvinylchloride (PVC) guttering as substrates on the growth of the donkey ear abalone (Haliotis asinina) reared in a How through water system. The tanks were 100 cm long x 50 cm wide x 40 cm deep, filled with sea water up to a height of 30 cm. Hatchery produced abalone, with a mean initial shell length of 30.9 i 0.1 mm and wet weight of 5.51: 0.1 g. were stocked at 25 individuals per tank that corresponds to stocking densities of ca. 50 abalone m'2 at the bottom of the tank. Juvenile abalone were provided with plenty of red seaweed Gracilaria spp daily over 175 days. The results show that the growth and growth rates in shell length and wet body weight were not significantly different between treatments (P>0.05). Survival rates of juveniles reared in the tank with the addition of coral rubble and/or PVC guttering were 100%, but 98% for juveniles in the tank without the addition of substrate. The average daily growth rates of shell length and wet body weight were 0.08710037 mm and 008810.044 g for juveniles reared in the tank with coral rubble 0.08110030 mm and 0.07710032 g for juveniles reared in the tank with PVC guttering and 008210.032 mm and 007810.039 g for juveniles reared in the tank without substrates. Juveniles reared in tanks with a flow through water system grew very well. The increase of body weight was more than double (>250%) the initial size."

"ABSTRACTMercury and arsenic are considered to be among the most toxic metals and have been associated with serious adverse health effects. These two trace metals and other contaminants that are found in fish products are therefore of public concern for food safety reasons. Hence, we selected three marine species to study i.e., yellow fin tuna, marlin and green mussels because of their economic values in the international and local markets. The objective of our study was to determine the arsenic and mercury content in these three marine species as a first step in monitoring metal content in seafood products. The tissue samples of tuna and marlin were collected from the Jakarta Fishing Port, while the green mussels was collected from aqua culture sites in Jakarta Bay. The metal content was determined by ICP MS and validated using CRM DORM Z and DORM 3. The speciation of arsenic (organic and inorganic forms) was determined using HPLC ICPMS. All measurements were based on dry weight samples. The result showed that the mercury concentration in yellow fin tuna, marlin and green mussel samples was 0.68 :1: 0.08 mg kg", 0.56 :1: 0.06 mg kg"and 1.51 :t 0.10 mg kg, respectively. The total arsenic concentration in yellow fin tuna, marlin and green mussel samples was 3.47 i 0.21 mg kg, 2.71 i 0.18 mg kg, and 6.77 :t 0.32 mg kg, respectively. The mercury content in the fish tissue was below the maximum allowable concentration (National Standard of Indonesia 1.0 mg kg), except for the green mussels. For total arsenic concentration, all the samples were above the national standard concentration (1.0 mg kg). The organic arsenic species arsentobetaine (AB) found in tuna and marlin fish samples was not toxic. Inorganic and organic arsenic was found in the green mussel samples. Our results suggest that there is a need to establish a national program to regularly monitor the content of selected trace metals in fishery products."

"ABSTRACTAlginate extracted from brown seaweed has gelling properties that make it useful as a wall material in encapsulation systems. Liquid smoke contains the active substances, such as phenols, which can preserve food. In order to protect the active substances, liquid smoke is encapsulated by using alginate and maltodextrin. The purpose of this study was to investigate liquid smoke encapsulation technology with maltodextrin and alginate using a spray dryer, to improve the physical and chemical characteristics of the liquid smoke. The microcapsules of liquid smoke were made, using a spray dryer SD 04, by encapsulating liquid smoke with two types of wall materials, maltodextrin and the combination of alginatemaltodextrin. The ratio of liquid smoke to total solids (wall materials) was 9:1 (v/w). The alginate concentration used was 0.5 to 2% (w/v). Parameters observed in this study were phenol release, shape and morphology, encapsulant efficiency, drying yield, phenol marker and, particle size. This study used a completely randomized design with three replications. The best treatment was obtained by using the alginate with a concentration of 1% (w/v) and maltodextrin of 9% (w/v) with phenol release of 2.52% (w/w) in the 20 minute of release, encapsulant efficiency of 45.13% and drying yield of 28.74%. The particle size analyzer results showed that the particles were agglomerating. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) observation illustrated that all treatments have a better capsule morphology than the controls, whereas Optilab image processing and analysis software results showed that phenolic compounds are encapsulated by wall materials used."

"ABSTRACTIndonesia is considered as the second biggest plastic waste producer in the sea. Information on waste pollution and its impact on marine organisms in Indonesia is still limited. Waste disposal and solid waste plastics into the sea are continuosly occuring, elevating the thoughts of global impact of plastic waste contamination. Increased use of plastic is a consequence of the development of technologies, industries and also the population. This paper is expected to provide knowledge and information of plastics that exist in the sea, especially Indonesian Sea."