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"ABSTRAKAglaonema simplex is an aquatic plant that has been widely used as ornamental plants. the genus contains polyhydroxy alkaloids that exhibit the glycosidase inhibitor activity. this paper reports a phytochemical screening of in vitro Aglaonema simplex plantlets and the potential compounds as alternatives of SR-B1 ligand that plays a role in reducing atherosclerosis. the phytochemical screening was conducted using Thin Layer Chromatography and Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy on methanol crude extracts of leaves, stems and roots. SR-B1 ligand activities were tested on HepG2 cell line stably transfected with SR-B1 promoter. The results showed that the extracts contained secondary metabolites belonging to the terpenoids, steroids, phenolics, alkaloids and glycosides. Luciferase assay suggested that the stem and root extracts increased the expression of SR-B1 at 1.61- and 1.72-fold higher than the control, respectively. thus, Aglaonema simplex is one of the potential sources of the phytochemicals for the treatment of atherosclerosis. the tissue culture technology may be applicable for sustainable production of the identified compounds from the plant."

"ABSTRAKThe search for novel biological activities from plant-based natural products is gaining traction due to the high abundance and accessibility of the plants, with consequent lower cost for discovery, and lesser side effects and toxicity on human health and the environment. This study focused on the phytochemical analyses and the potency of mangrove-associated Hibiscus tiliaceus extracts and fractions as anti-bacteria and anti- biofilm agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacterial strain contributes towards biofilm formation of various infectious diseases such as cystic fibrosis in lung, and causes blockage in urinary catheter. It is also an initiator of biofouling in shipping and maritime facilities. the methanol extracts of each part of fruits, leaves, and twigs were fractionated into chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions using column chromatography. crystal violet assay was carried out for anti-biofilm activity in a 96 well-plate to evaluate the bacterial inhibition and biofilm formation. Phytocemical analyses suggested the presence of protein, carbohydrate, phenols, tannin, flavonoids, saponins, glycoside, steroids, terpenoids, and alkaloids in Hibiscus tiliaceus. The strongest anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities were exhibited by the chloroform fraction of fruits (HFC). the methanol crude of fruits (HFMc), methanol fraction of fruits (HFM), and chloroform fraction of twig (HTC) showed more than 80% inhibition as compared to the control.the results suggested that Hibiscus tiliaceus had a good potential to be developed as anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm agents."

"The volatile chemicals from species of wild Cinnamomum spp. (C. racemosum, C. cuspidatum, C. politum, C. javanicum), Etlingera spp. (E. pyramidosphaera, E. megalocheilos, E. coccinea, E. elatior) and Schizostachyum spp. (S. blumei, S. brachycladum, S. lima, S. pilosum) found in Sabah were investigated. The oils were obtained from the bark, rhizome and culm of respective specimens by hydrodistillation and the profile of volatile chemicals was obtained using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). Dominance of eucalyptol, terpinen-4-ol and eugenol were consistent among the species from genus Cinnamomum. aromadendrane oxide, lauryl aldehyde, elemicin, borneol and 1-dodecanol were predominant among the species from genus Etlingera. α-elemol, coumaran, guiacol-4-vinyl, palmitic acid and phytol acetate predominate the species from genus Schizostachyum. Strong inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 5.62 ± 0.5 μg mL-1) were exhibited by essential oils of C. cuspidatum and E. coccinea, oil of S. blumei inhibited Listeria monocytogenes (MIC: 4.60 ± 0.5 μg mL-1), oil of C. javanicum inhibited Salmonella typhimurium (MIC: 5.50 ± 0.5 μg mL-1). meanwhile the oil of C. politum suppressed Salmonella enteritidis (MIC: 5.20 ± 0.5 μg mL-1) was measured using microdilution method. these findings reveal the potential of selected plants used by indigenous communities of Borneo as antimicrobials in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries."

"ABSTRAKThe volatile chemicals from species of wild Cinnamomum spp. (C. racemosum, C. cuspidatum, C. politum, C. javanicum), Etlingera spp. (E. pyramidosphaera, E. megalocheilos, E. coccinea, E. elatior) and Schizostachyum spp. (S. blumei, S. brachycladum, S. lima, S. pilosum) found in Sabah were investigated. The oils were obtained from the bark, rhizome and culm of respective specimens by hydrodistillation and the profile of volatile chemicals was obtained using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). Dominance of eucalyptol, terpinen-4-ol and eugenol were consistent among the species from genus Cinnamomum. aromadendrane oxide, lauryl aldehyde, elemicin, borneol and 1-dodecanol were predominant among the species from genus Etlingera. α-elemol, coumaran, guiacol-4-vinyl, palmitic acid and phytol acetate predominate the species from genus Schizostachyum. Strong inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 5.62 ± 0.5 μg mL-1) were exhibited by essential oils of C. cuspidatum and E. coccinea, oil of S. blumei inhibited Listeria monocytogenes (MIC: 4.60 ± 0.5 μg mL-1), oil of C. javanicum inhibited Salmonella typhimurium (MIC: 5.50 ± 0.5 μg mL-1). meanwhile the oil of C. politum suppressed Salmonella enteritidis (MIC: 5.20 ± 0.5 μg mL-1) was measured using microdilution method. these findings reveal the potential of selected plants used by indigenous communities of Borneo as antimicrobials in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries."

"Marine microalgae are among the flora that inhibits the mangrove area. They play an important role as the primary source of organic carbon in marine food web. However, very limited study on the mangrove-isolated microalgae, especially on the fatty acids. The objective of the current study was to determine the fatty acid composition in mangrove-isolated Chlorella strains. Seven mangrove-isolated Chlorella strains were cultured in F and F/2 media. Their growth and fatty acid composition were measured after the stationary growth phase. Results showed the growth varied among the strains. the cell density, cell biomass and fatty acid composition were influenced by the medium-strength. polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were detected in only four strains, the KS-MA1, KS- MA2, KS-MB2 and SE-MB1. the highest amount of PUFAs was obtained in the KS-MA2 (40.9 ± 0.8 % dry wt. in the F/2 medium and 35.4 ± 6.7 % dry wt. in the F medium) and in the KS-MB2 (37.6 ± 3.4 % dry wt. in the F/2 medium and 34.4 ± 4.8 % dry wt. in the F medium). the growth and productivity of Chlorella species were strains-dependent and regulated by the medium strength. thus, the production of fatty acids of interest from Chlorella might be manipulated by optimizing the culture conditions."

"ABSTRAKIn this study, characterization of fatty acids in Dictyota dichotoma and Sargassum granuliferum, the sea-weeds collected from Pulau Nuyunan, Sabah, were carried out. fatty acid methyl-ester analysis (FAME) showed palmitic acid, elaidic acid, stearic acid, cis- 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid and erucic acid were dominant in both seaweeds with co poly- and mono-unsaturated fatty acids were higher than the saturated fatty acids. The pure compounds isolated from Sargassum granuliferum were hexadecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, docosanoic acid, tetracosanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, eicosanoic acid and oleamide. Meanwhile, hexadecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid and 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid were isolated from Dictyota dichotoma. All fatty acids isolated exhibited anti-fouling properties with broader activities shown for hexadecanoic acid and fatty acids isolated from Sargassum granuliferum and also more superior than Dictyota dichotoma."

"Pachydermin, an oxylated tetramic acid with 3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent, was isolated from Chamonixia pachydermis plant, a basidiomycete of New Zealand. Its degradation product exhibits antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, and the derivatives of pachydermin are anticipated to have similar potentials. In this work, a novel approach to synthesize 3-methyl-5-nitrobenzyl β,β-diketoester was developed as a derivative of the natural product pachydermin. The synthetic route began with the synthesis of N-benzylated β,β-diketoester as the key structural moiety, from glycine methyl ester as the starting material. subsequently, oxalyl subunit was inserted, as well as other acyl/alkyl subunits at C-3 position of the β,β-diketoester ring via acylation/alkylation reactions leading to the required intermediates towards pachydermin and its derivatives. alkene functionalities at C-5 position could then be introduced using different alkyl or aryl aldehydes, with the aid of different bases which included diisopropylamine, NaH, Et3N, K2CO3 as well as ionic liquids. insertions of methyl and 4-nitrobenzylidene functionalities at C3- and C5-positions, respectively, were highlighted for the synthesis of the target derivative. selective decarboxylation, ester hydrolysis and N-benzyl deprotection should lead to the required target compound and derivatives. all the synthesized compounds were confirmed by the mass spectroscopy (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy."

"Wild mud crabs of the genus, Scylla paramamosain were acclimatized in tanks in the AKUATROP hatchery. eye stalk ablation was applied on the mud crabs before transferring them into a recirculating aquaculture system, where they were fed marine fish, squid and cockles for a period of one month until they produced eggs. The larvae which hatched out were placed in different larval tanks with continuous aeration. Larvae were fed daily with artemia. the density of larvae culture was 100-300 individuals per liter. the peritrich ciliates found on megalopa larva of mud crabs, Scylla paramamosain were Zoothamnium alrashedi and Myoschiston duplicatum and an unidentified peritrich ciliate. Mangrove leaf extract of Rhizophora apiculata showed that it is capable of being an anti- protozoan product as the zooids of the peritrich ciliates dropped off after treatment with the extract. the breeding tanks were kept clean, probiotics was introduced with plenty of aeration. green water system was activated to ensure plenty of natural food namely rotifers to ensure moulting of megalopa larva into crablet larva."

"ABSTRAKClitoria ternatea L., or commonly known as butterfly pea, from the family of Fabaceae, is a perennial medicinal plant. Its flower which is deep blue or white in colour is commonly used as a natural food colorant. the plant originates from tropical Asia and known to possess essential bioactive compounds where the extracts from its roots, leaves and seeds are used in the phytochemical, pharmacological and clinical investigations for therapeutic drug development. The root extracts have been reported to exhibit analgesic, anti-pyretic, anxiolytic, anti-depressant, anti-convulsant, anti-stress, anti-diarrheal, anti- asthmatic and most importantly, in the treatment of central nervous system disorders. The root extracts have shown memory enhancing properties in neonatal rats. The aim of the study was to induce roots from the seedling explants of Clitoria ternatea L. for the establishment of a root suspension culture system that could function as efficient alternative to the ex- vitro plants from the soil for harvesting of medicinal secondary metabolites. the sterilized seeds of Clitoria ternatea L. were germinated on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, and the cotyledon and hypocotyl from the 7 - 8 days old seedlings were placed in the media supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at different concentrations. It was evident that NAA was the potential growth hormone for root induction in Clitoria ternatea L. the cotyledon explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L NAA produced the highest percentage of root induction (70%) while 1 mg/L NAA produced the highest average number of roots from cotyledon explants. the study provided an efficient protocol for the induction of roots and callus from Clitoria ternatea L."