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Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
The article addresses the impacts of remittances in recipient countries in North and Central Asia, noting the high level of dependence of many countries of the sub region on remittances. While remittances are found to produce positive short term benefits related to the reduction of transitory poverty, they also can contribute to negative impacts such as Dutch Disease, dollarization, public and private moral hazard. Few recipients make use of formal means of saving remittances, due to the lack of dedicated remittance backed products, low levels of development of and trust in the financial sector, and lack of financial literacy among recipients of remittances. Measures to address this situation are proposed and assessed for their relevance to countries of the subregion.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
The literature on remittance flows has relatively little information on the impacts of remittance outflows on countries. The Russian Federation consistently ranks among the top remittance senders in the world, however the Russian case remains a largely unstudied area. This article addresses this gap. The findings show that remittance outflows are still very small compared with GDP and that the Russian economy will continue to need foreign labor. So called push factors in neighboring countries will also continue to make the Russian Federation an attractive workplace for foreign workers. The authors encourage the Government of the Russian Federation to take pre emptive measures for both political and economic reasons, such as offering more investment opportunities for expatriate workers.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
The article considers the relationship between migration from Central Asia to the Russian Federation and gender relations. In particular, the paper describes the age sex composition of the migration flows from three countries of the subregion (Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan) and discusses the case of Kyrgyzstan with its active female migration. Male migrants are more often employed in construction and are paid more than female migrants, who work mostly in trade and services. However, men and women show almost no difference in complying with migration laws, vulnerability in interactions with the state, relations with employers and apartment owners as well as transnational practices. The article also considers possibilities for family reunification, and gendered differences in inter ethnic communication. The article concludes that further studies are required, and that assistance mechanisms are required for women who do not receive financial assistance from their migrant husbands. The article also finds that migrants sexual and reproductive behaviour is characterized by limited access to information about risks and also requires thorough study.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
The article contains an outline of migration and taxation in the Russian federation. The characteristics of migration, the legal and regulatory situation of migrant workers with regard to taxation, actual practices in this regard and the steps required to bridge the gap between potential tax payments from migrants and actual taxation practices are considered. Attention is paid to the reasons for irregular migration and informal employment from the points of view of both employers and migrant workers. Finally, overall conclusions and policy recommendations are provided for improving the situation and decreasing irregular migration and tax underpayment.