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"Recently, lactate has been recognized as energy resources for neuron metabolism. According to ANLS hypothesis, glucose being particularly uptaken by astrocyte is eventually metabolized via glycolisis. Lactate produced in astrocyte is then released into extracelluler matrix and uptaken by neuron then converted into pyruvate that used in oxydative metabolism. That proccess is resulted more ATP than that of conventional theory. A few in vitro studies has demonstrated that there is an increased of ATP in neuron at hypoxic condition, agreed with ANLS hypothesis.This study was aimed to learn the correlation between plasma lactate level and functional scale in acute thrombotic stroke patients. Forty patients with acute thrombotic stroke were admitted to neurology ward, dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya in May until July 2013. Those patients had been examined for plasma lactate level using lactate-oxydase colorimetric method and functional scale by NIHSS (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale). The results showed that mean of age was 58,98 ± 11,91 years old, plasma lactate level was 1,51 ± 0,47 mmol/L, and mean of NIHSS was 6,83 ± 2,978. There was negative correlation between plasma lactate level and functional scale measured by NIHSS in acute thrombotic stroke patients, which was statistically significant (r = - 0,366 and p = 0,020)."

"Cases of oral candidiasis are commonly found, both in healthy individuals and immunecompromise patients, however publications of Candida carrier in the oral cavity of healthy population and risk factors for colonization in Indonesia are hardly available. Objective : This study was aimed to analyze the type and number of Candida colonies and identify risk factors in the oral cavity of apparenthly health FKG UI students. Material and methods : the specimens were taken from 195 subjects with oral rinse technique for identification using culture medium CHROMagar® and Sabaraoud dextrose agar. Results and discussion : Candida species were found in the 107 subjects oral cavity (54.87%), being Candida albicans was is the predominant species (52.33%). Some 88 subjects (82.24%) was dominant in the number of colonies <400 CFU/ml, while the rest had colony of >400 CFU/ml (17.76%). Candida colony grew dominantly in single colony (90.65%), and the others showed multi-species colonies (9.34%). Risk factors identified included age; gender; hormonal; blood type O; denture; orthodontic appliances; unstimulated salivary flow; pH of saliva; smoking, alcohol and oral cleaning habit; and oral health status. By using a statistical Pearson chi-square test, no significant relationship was found between risk factors and number of Candida colonies in the oral cavity p<0.05. Conclusion : there was no one single risk factor for Candida colonization, but combination of various risk factors for demographis, local and systemic was observed."

"Dental caries is a multifactorial disease that can affect all levels of society. There are several factors that take part ini caries initiation. Caries risk factors in children are related to age, gender, use of bottles, tooth brushing frequency, the role of the mother, and parental education. The purpose of this studywas to find out factors related to the cause of early childhood caries experienced by preschool children at PAUD Kenanga 17 Kelurahan Penjaringan, Kecamatan Penjaringan, North Jakarta. An observational analytical methods with cross sectional approach was used in this study. Subject in this study consisted of 20 children as a total sample of the population. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires and def-t index was employed for dental examination. Data processing and statistical analysis using chi-square test were applied with a significance value of p <0.05. The results showed significant correlation between age (p value 0.001) and gander (p value 0.047) andearly childhood caries.however, no correlation was observed betwen the use of bottle (p value = 0.909), frequency of tooth brushing (p value 1.00), role of mother (p value 1.00), and i parental education (p value = 0.798) and early childhood caries."

"ABSTRAK Improvements in the cell-free production of funktional antibodies using cell extract from protease-deficient E.coli mutant have been reported previously. "