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Abstrak :
In West Sumatra, surrounded by the three mountains of Gunung Men Gunung Sago, and Gunung Singgalang, there lies one of the most fertile lands in Indonesia.l This region is called darek (the inner highlands in contrast to the rantau (the outer areas or frontiers). Darek is the cradleland of the Minangkabau who, in their legends, trace their ancest to Alexander the Great. Maharaja Diraja, one of Alexander's three legendary sons, and his retinue are supposed to have arrived Gunung Merapi when that mountain top was only as large as an egg and when all other lands were still under the sea. What follows is a study of t4e people who created these accounts--an attempt to understand their society, history, and tradition. The Minangkabau are one of some 1402 ethnic groups scattered over 3,000 islands in Indonesia. According to the 1930 Dutch census, their share among the native population was only about three percent,3 yet 1If rural population density is any indication of the land's capa¬city to absorb population pressure, the darek, particularly the Agam plateau, is indeed fertile. The Agam plateau (237 persons per sq. km.) is the second most densely populated area outside of Java—Madura, after South Bali (453 persons per sq. km.) (Volkstelling 1930 Vol. VIII:38). 2As Hildred Geertz pointed out, the number of ethnic groups enumer¬ated depends on how they are classified. The number represented here is adopted from the ethnic categories applied in the 1930 census (Volk¬stelling 1930 Vol. VIII: 44). Geertz (1967:24) herself gives a number of more than three hundred ethnic groups.

Abstrak :
I chose to do fieldwork among the Sasak of Lombok, Indonesia, and to study aspects of ritual. Many idioms of experience which have repercus¬sions in everyday life frequently are expressed most clearly in a ritual¬ized context. I focussed my research wherever possible on the language of ritual and on explicitly ritualized forms of language as symbolic media that provide structural continuity to social interaction. However, in order to understand exactly what ideas were being expressed in ritual form, and why and how, it was necessary to gather considerable sociocultural material as background. This background occasionally came to overshadow the ritualized behavior that was the original focus. The rea¬sons for this were clear, though, because the example of ritualized be¬havior and language I had selected to analyze, bau nyale, was one which exemplified, articulated, and even paralleled conditions found in the more general cultural context.' Ritualized events that were less spec¬tacular visually and which involved little or no explicitly structured speech, or even silence--normal courting or elopement, for example--actually had more radical consequences for everyday social life than did bau nyale; but together they all formed a single complex of thought cen¬tered on the fundamental issue of the nature of social relations. Ritual¬ized events often attract attention because they are unusual and dramatic,

Abstrak :
"Nepal has had a long history of relations with Tibet and China. Since Nepal lies between India in the South and Tibet in the north, and China farther north, its history, culture and politics have naturally been influenced by the course of events in these states. Nepal's relations with Tibet and China can broadly be categorised into cultural, commercial and political.Nepal had also long standing relations with Sikkim and Bhutan, the two Himalayan states to its east,both having intimate political and cultural links with Tibet)"" and, indirectly, with China; the latter claimed influence Ever all the Himalayan states on the north-east frontier of India. Modern Nepal's relations with its two eastern neighbours, in both political and cultural aspects, were shaped in the middle of the 18th century when it came under the Gurkhas.2"

Abstrak :
Indonesia, a predominantly agricultural country, is now moving towards industrialization. The government is stimulating and supporting the industrial growth.In line with the Outline of State Policy (Garis-Garis Besar sia_luan Negara) one of the longterm objectives is to bring about a fun_damental change to the present structure of economic development so that there is a growing share of National production contributed by sources outs fde the agricultural sector and in which industry becomes the backbone of the economy.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
As administrative and territorial units Indonesian villages and hamlets have, for the last decade or so, increasingly come within the sphere of interest of both national and regional planners for the simple reason that a balanced and effective development strategy has to account for the rural hinterland where the majority of approximately 130 million people live. There seems to be a growing consciousness among both planners and other less professional policy makers that sustained economic development of the country would only be possible if villages and hamlets are successful in skillfully exploiting their resources and potencies, and thus becoming growth centres themselves. Therefore, in order that hamlets and villages be enabled to deploy and accelerate the pace of development appropriate measures will continue to be taken by the government. Its interference, having been a long accepted principle, is not the problem. However, where the shoe pinges is in the relative ignorance and lack of data about a good many aspects of rural life, in national and regional level planning boards, encompassing specific patterns of interacting social categories, e.g. institutions and more formal groupings as associations or corporate organizations. There is, moreover a lack of knowledge

Abstrak :
At the same time he emphasized the 'appalling neglect' of the study of creativity by psychologists. Examining the index of the Psychological Abstracts since its origin, he found that of the approximately 121.000 titles listed in 23 years, only 186 were indexed as definitely bearing on the subject of creativity. The major interest in the creativity disposition and the recognition of its importance for knowledge came from the fields outside of psychology. Large industries recognized the enormous value of new ideas. Various branches of the government are asking for individuals who have inventive potentialities. These needs have found psychology ill prepared. One of the major conceptual blocks for the study of creativity has been the conception of creativity as an inherited property of the genius (Razik 1967): 'Assumebly ... creativity is where one finds it, and little can be done through education to affect it' (p. 301). Another conceptual block for the 'creativity movement' centered in the measurement instruments commonly used in the schools: the traditional intelligence tests to assess the capacity of students for learning and the achievement tests to judge the progress students make on their way through the school program. Both intelligence and achievement tests were mostly limited to tasks for which there were single, predetermined 'right' answers (convergent thinking).

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Indonesia, a predominantly agricultural country, is now moving towards industrialization. The government is stimulating and supporting the industrial growth.In line with the Outline of State Policy (Garis-Garis Besar sia_luan Negara) one of the longterm objectives is to bring about a fun_damental change to the present structure of economic development so that there is a growing share of National production contributed by sources outs fde the agricultural sector and in which industry becomes the backbone of the economy.