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"ABSTRAKRuang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian: Penentuan LBM penting untuk penetapan dosis pemakaian obat-obatan, pemberian cairan, penentuan taraf metabolisme, pengaturan gizi pada masa pertumbuhan, penentuan kegemukan dan evaluasi kegemukan. Selama ini yang dipakai adalah Berat Badan Total (BBT), padahal jumlah lemak tubuh normal ialah 15 - 18% BBT pada pria dewasa atau 20 - 25% BBT pada wanita dewasa. Banyak cara untuk menentukan LBM antara lain ekskresi kreatinin urin 24 jam. Cara ini didasarkan atas pemikiran bahwa kreatinin berasal dari kreatin sedangkan ± 98% kreatin terdapat di otot yang merupakan bagian terbesar LBM.Tujuan penelitian ialah mempelajari hubungan antara kreatinin urin 24 jam dengan LBM pada orang Indonesia. Bila hubungan ini cukup kuat akan dibuat suatu rumus prediksi LBM, rumus ini kemudian dibandingkan dengan 3 rumus lain yaitu rumus dari Forbes, Cheek dan Miller. Penelitian dilakukan pada 77 mahasiswa pria umur 20 - 23 tahun. LBM diperoleh dari BBT dikurangi lemak tubuh, sedangkan lemak tubuh diperoleh dengan memasukkan berat jenis tubuh (BJT diperoleh dengan densitometer) ke dalam rumus Siri. Kemudian dibuat persamaan regresi dengan LBM sebagai variabel dependen dan kreatinin urin 24 jam sebagai variabel independen.Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Didapat hubungan cukup kuat antara kreatinin urin 24 jam dan LBM dengan r = 0,59. Rumus prediksi yang diperoleh ialah : LBM = 25,76 + 0,0145 Cr mg/24 jam. Nilai rata-rata dari selisih antara nilai LBM perhitungan dengan nilai prediksi LBM hasil rumus Peneliti, Forbes, Cheek, dan Miller berturutturut: 0,38%; 3,50%; 9,46% dan 6,95%. 'Standard error' masingmasing 0,85%; 1,08%; 1,13% dan 1,33%. Kisarannya berturut-turut: -19,66% sampai +20,69%; -19,53% sampai +23,83%; -14,19% sampai +31,93%; dan -6,73% sampai +-36,03%. Ditetapkan bahwa suatu rumus dapat diterima bila 95% subyek penelitian dengan nilai prediksi LBM berkisar ± 10%. Jumlah subyek penelitian yang masuk dalam kisaran ± 10% darn. LBM perhitungan, bila nilai LBM nya diprediksi dengan keempat rumus di atas berturut-turut: 65 orang = 84,42%; 55 orang = 71,43%; 39 orang = 50,65%; dan 38 orang = 49,35%. Mengingat tak ada satu pun rumus yang dapat diterima maka perlu dilakukan pengujian kembali rumus yang telah dibuat.

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ABSTRACT

24-Hour Creatinine Excretion And Lean Body Mass (LBM)Scope and Method of Study: LBM is important in determining dosage of drugs, administration of fluids, metabolic rate, nutrition in growth and obesity. Total body weight (TBW) is usually used for this purpose, whereas in reality it includes total body fat which is 15-18% of TBW in males, and 20-25% in females. There are many ways of determining LBM, one of which utilizes 24-hour urinary creatinine excretion. The method is based on the fact that creatinine is formed from creatine, and about 98% of creatine can be found in muscles which makes up most of LBM. The aim of this investigation is to study the correlation between 24-hour urinary creatinine excretion and LBM in Indonesians. If a strong correlation exists, a predictive formula will be constructed, which will then be compared with 3 other formulae from Forbes, Cheek, and Miller.

The study was done on 77 male students aged 20-23 years. LBM was calculated from TBW minus body fat; body fat was derived from Siri formula using Total Body Density measured with a densitometry. A regression equation was made with LBM as dependent variable and 24-hour urinary creatinine as independent variable.

Findings and Conclusions: A strong correlation exists between 24-hr urinary creatinine excretion and LBM with r = 0.59. The predictive formula obtained is: LBM (kg) = 25.76 + 0.0145 Cr mg/24h. The mean difference between predicted LBM in this investigation, LBM obtained from Forbes, Cheek, Miller, and computed LBM are, respectively, 0.38%, 3.50%, 9.46%, and 6.95%, with standard error of 0.85%, 1.08%, 1.13% and 1.33%; ranging from -19.66% to +20.69%, -19.53% to +23.83%, -14.19% to +31.93%, and' -6.73% to 36.03%. An equation was accepted if 95% of all LBM predicted from that equation fell within ± 10% of the calculated LBM. Using subjects in this investigation, the amount of LBM obtained from the 4 mentioned equations that fell within ± 10 % of calculated LBM are, respectively, 65 subjects (84.42%), 55 subjects {71.43%), 39 subjects (50.65%), and 38 subjects (49.35%). Since none of the above equation can Be satisfactorily accepted, the LBM pre-diction equation obtained from this investigation needs to be tested further."

"Diabetes mellitus (DM) adalah gangguan metabolisme yang ditandai oleh kondisi hiperglikemia kronik, yang dapat menimbulkan komplikasi ke berbagai jaringan, termasuk pembuluh darah. Latihan fisik sudah terbukti memberikan pengaruh positif pada DM melalui penekanan stres oksidatif dan inflamasi. Pada penelitian ini, ingin dilihat perbedaan efek latihan fisik interval intensitas tinggi (HIIT) dan latihan fisik kontinu intensitas sedang (MICT) terhadap stres oksidatif dan inflamasi aorta pada kondisi DM. Dua puluh empat ekor tikus wistar usia 8 minggu dibagi kedalam 4 kelompok, kontrol tanpa intevensi latihan fisik (K), kontrol hiperglikemia tanpa perlakuan (HG), hiperglikemia dengan intervensi MICT (CT), dan hiperglikemia dengan intervensi HIIT (HIIT). Hiperglikemia diinduksi dengan injeksi intraperitoneal streptozotocin dosis tunggal (40mg/BB). Hiperglikemia ditetapkan jika kadar glukosa darah 72 jam pasca injeksi >200mg/dL. Setelah 6 minggu latihan, dilakukan dekapitasi tikus, dan jaringan aorta diambil untuk dilakukan pengukuran parameter stres oksidatif dan inflamasi. Kadar MDA diukur dengan colorimetric assay kit menggunakan modifikasi metode uji asam tiobarbiturat (TBA), ekspresi SOD dikukur dengan colorimetric assay kit menggunakan prinsip WST-1, kadar TNF- diukur menggunakan teknik ELISA, ekspresi NF-kB dan MCP-1diukur menggunakan teknik qrt-PCR. Seluruh data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis. Hasil pengukuran memperlihatkan kadar MDA lebih rendah (p<0,05) antara kelompok HG dan kelompok HIIT (p<0,05), namun tidak terdapat perbedaan aktivitas SOD antar kelompok. Kadar TNF-a dan ekspresi NF-kB lebih rendah pada kelompok CT dan HIIT dibandingkan kelompok HG (p<0,05). Tidak terdapat perbedaan ekspresi MCP-1 antar kelompok. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada kondisi hiperglikemia, baik MICT dan HIIT memberikan efek positif yang sama pada jalur inflamasi, namun HIIT lebih mampu menekan kondisi stres oksidatif dibandingkan MICT.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, which can cause complications to various tissues, including blood vessels. Physical exercise has been shown to have a positive effect on DM by suppressing oxidative stres and inflammation. The objective of this study is to analyze the differences in the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on oxidative stres and aortic inflammation in DM conditions. Twenty-four Wistar rats aged 8 weeks were divided into 4 groups, control without streptozotocin injection and exercise intervention (K), hyperglycemia without treatment (HG), hyperglycemia with MICT intervention (CT), and hyperglycemia with HIIT intervention (HIIT). Hyperglycemia was induced using intraperitoneal injection of single doze (40mg/BW) streptozotocin. Hyperglycemia was determined if blood glucose level 72 hours post injection achieved >200mg/dL. After 6 weeks of exercise, the rats were decapitated, and the aortic tissue was taken for measurement of oxidative stres and inflammation parameters. MDA levels were measured using a colorimetric assay kit using a modified thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test method, SOD expression was measured using a colorimetric assay kit using the WST-1 principle, TNF-a levels were measured using an ELISA technique, NF-kB and MCP-1 expressions were measured using qrt-PCR technique. All data obtained were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test. The measurement results showed lower MDA levels (p<0.05) between the HG and the HIIT group (p<0.05), but there was no difference in SOD activity between groups. TNF-a levels and NF-kB expression were lower in the CT and HIIT groups than in the HG group (p<0.05). There was no difference in MCP-1 expression between groups. It can be concluded that under hyperglycemic conditions, both MICT and HIIT have the same effect to hinder inflammation, but HIIT is more capable of suppressing oxidative stres conditions than MICT."