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Abstrak :
A cross sectional study was conducted to investigate magnesium and zinc status in newly diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In addition, macronutrients, magnesium and zinc intakes and WHR were evaluated in relation to the prevalence of NIDDM. Using 1994 WHO criteria for diabetes, sixty three (27 males and 36 females) newly diagnosed NIDDM attending outpatient clinic at general hospital in Semarang were recruited into the study. Data collection was undertaken from October 1997 to February 1998. Seventeen diabetic patients had retinopathy, which was confirmed by ophthalmologist consultation, and twenty-three had history of high blood pressure. Sixty three hospital staffs and the relatives of the diabetics, matching for gender were recruited for control (non diabetics) group. Using structured questionnaire, information about socioeconomic and sociodemographic were obtained. Data of dietary intake were obtained using 2 days repeated 24-hour recall, and anthropometric measurements including: weight, height, waist and hip circumference were performed. Urine and 5 ml venous blood sample were taken from each subject for blood glucose, plasma and urinary minerals analysis. Diabetics had significantly higher waist and WHR compared to non diabetics, and WHR was positively correlated with NIDDM and inversely correlated with age. Retinopath diabetics had lower BILE but had sign fcantly higher WHR compared to nonretinopaths. Higher intake of energy was observed in diabetics which was attributable to higher intake of carbohydrate. Diabetics also had slightly higher magnesium and zinc intakes. However, significantly lower plasma magnesium and hypermagnesuria were detected in diabetic patients. Diabetics also had slightly lower plasma zinc and slightly higher urinary zinc compared to non diabetics. No difference in minerals status was found between retinopaths and non retinopaths. Diabetics who had history of hypertension had lower plasma zinc than those who had not, but no association was found between minerals status and retinopathy.

Abstrak :
One way to improve the success of exclusive breastfeeding promotion is to understand the factors that directly of indirectly influence a mother's decision to initiate complementary feeding, as well as their interaction. The present study employed the use of a newly developed qualitative dietary survey-Food Choice Map method-to investigate those factors for 40 mothers with infants aged 4 - 6 months old residing in Pondok Labu sub-district of South Jakarta, Indonesia, regarding the `military' and 'civilian' communities. K -Means Cluster Analysis was used to create relatively homogenous groups based on demography and socioeconomy characteristics using variables such as mother's age, child's age and sex, study groups, ownership of house, phone, and motorcycle. Nearly all infants (97%) received complementary feeding before the age of 4 months old with "to calm child" as the most common reason why mothers initiated the feeding. Most infants were given banana as their first food as the "social circle suggested" or because it is "commonly used food." Another large percentage received instant baby food due to "its practicality." The findings suggest factors such as socioeconomy and demography-as described by the cluster characteristics-whom mothers were dependent on, feeding experience, and self-confidence influenced mother's decision in initiating complementary feeding. Furthermore, they interact with one another that their existence of affecting mothers' behavior is the result of not only one factor. It is recommended to establish breastfeeding support groups for the mothers, as well as to greaten encouragement from the social circle and medical professionals to motivate mothers and increase their self-confidence to breastfeed the infants.

Abstrak :
Every body consumes street-foods, even babies as early as 6 months of age. The older the children, the more varied the street foods being consumed. Street foods therefore have contributed to a significant proportion of energy, protein and iron intake of school age children. Looking at high percentages of street foods contribution to their nutrient intake, street foods play an important role in school children's growth and school achievement. On the other hand the safety (microbiological & chemical aspect) of street foods is still questionable. This study aimed to investigate the predicted consumption of illegal food additives from street food among school children from two different types of government primary schools. This research report is arranged and divided in three sequential parts. Part 1 contains comprehensive review on the background and rationale of the study, problem statements, literature review, conceptual framework, objectives of the study and the hypothesis. Part 2 consists of manuscript for publication entitled "School children from model school had lower intake of illegal food additive from street foods compare to school children from regular school" that presents the main findings of the study. The manuscript is written in accordance with the "Instruction for Author's" of "Food and Nutrition Bulletin". Part 3 is the compilation of the detailed questionnaire, methodology, other important results that are not included in the manuscript, ethical consideration and list of references.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
The overall objectives of this study is to examine whether a population of healthy University of Indonesia students have different hemoglobin distribution from that of American population and if there was difference whether it is appropriate to set up a new cut-off point for anemia as a screening tools for iron deficiency in population.

This study is designed as a cross-sectional study using convenience sampling procedure. A total of 214 males and 190 females were studied from January to February 1997. After data cleaning, 203 healthy Indonesian males and 170 females were eligible for data analysis.

Blood samples of the subjects was drawn to analyze hemoglobin and hematocrit level, red and white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum iron concentration and total iron binding capacity, serum ferritin and zinc protoporphyrin concentration. A structured questionnaire was administered to investigate factors that could influence hemoglobin level. The mean hemoglobin was compared with that of the United States population using results of NHANES III.

The result showed that the mean hemoglobin of Indonesian male was the same with the American population in NHANES Ill. While for female there are difference in mean hemoglobin between the Indonesian and American, which could lead to different cutoff criteria for anemia. However when specificity and sensitivity of the new cutoff (Hb < 11.3 g/dl) and the WHO cutoff (Hb < 12 g/dI) were compared, the result showed that the latest had a more favorable sensitivity and specificity. Thus, this survey confirmed that there is no need to develop different cutoff points for anemia as a tool for iron deficiency screening.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
This study was done in order to obtain information about current breastfeeding behavior among resident and migrant lactating mothers in Hanoi Vietnam for the general purpose of breastfeeding promotion in Vietnam. The research hypothesis is that there is a different breastfeeding behavior of resident and migrant lactating mothers. A cross-sectional study was carried out between December 1994 and March 1995. The subjects consisting of 80 lactating mothers with 9 months old baby are divided into 2 groups. Those mothers have been living for at least 15 years in Hanoi (resident mothers) and the other mothers for between 5 months to 3 years (migrant mothers). Information of breastfeeding behavior and the socioeconomic status of mothers were obtained by using open-ended questionnaire. A second questionnaire was applied to 30 health professionals in maternity clinics where the mothers delivered. One hundred percent of mothers breastfed their child, 95% of the resident and 85% of the migrant mothers were still breastfeeding at the time of the study. Almost all of the residents (95%) and 87.5% of the migrants had positive attitude towards colostrum. About 42.5% of the resident mothers and 35% of the migrant ones started breastfeeding within 6 hours after birth. The rooming-in rate was 67.5% of the resident mothers and 52.5% of the migrant ones. The rate of early initiation of breastfeeding was significantly higher in the mothers group who had rooming-in than the others. The exclusive breastfeeding rate within the first 4 months of age was 35% of the residents and 30% of the migrants. All health professionals (100%) had positive attitude towards colostrum and breastfeeding. About 86.7% of doctors and 80% of midwives knew that 'mother' should start breastfeeding within the first 30 minutes after birth. Around 86.7% of doctors and 100% of midwives said that there was no need to give other liquid before starting breastfeeding. But their practices were not according to their knowledge: They gave wrong advises to the resident mothers (8.7%)., about 38.4% of babies from the resident mothers and 60.9% of babies from migrant ones were prelacteal fed by health professionals. Additional information on breastfeeding and child feeding were still expected by mothers especially by the migrant ones (71.4%). The results of the study suggest education on breastfeeding and proper feeding practices, especial early initiation, prolonged exclusive breastfeeding, and rooming-in.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
A cross sectional study on cardiovascular disease risk profile was carried out in North Jakarta, Indonesia. One hundred six Chinese individuals (47 men and 59 women) aged 25 years and over were recruited to collect baseline information related to dietary determinants of cardiovascular risk profile.

Result showed high prevalence of overweight /obesity and hypertension, especially in men (43% and 48.8%, respectively). The prevalence of current smoker was 12.2% of men and 3.9% of women. The prevalence of hyperlipidemia was 14.6% of men and 9.6% of women. Mean values of BMI, WHR, and blood pressure were significantly higher in men than in women. Body fatness and blood pressure in women were significantly increased with age. In women, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were associated with BMI, while triglyceride was associated with WHR.

Intake of fresh fish, crabs/lobster/shrimp, sea weed, tomato and spinach decreased with advancing age of men. No food components that significantly correlated with age of women. There were no significant relationship between food intake and other socio-demographic characteristics. In men, lamb and chocolate intake were significantly associated with BMI while rice vermicelli and sweet bread were significantly correlated with blood pressure. Total cholesterol had significant correlation with pork sausage intake of men. In women, HDL cholesterol were significantly associated with ham and beef sausage, while LDL cholesterol were associated with duck intake.

These findings suggested that women had more favorable cardiovascular risk profile than men and age was likely to be an important determinant factor for women. Men were more prevalent smoking habit and poorer attitude to health status than women.

Abstrak :
There were 37.3 million people or 17.42% people out of the total population in Indonesia who lived under the poverty line in year 2003 which constitute 20.23% of people in rural and 13.57% of the people in urban area (BPS, 2003). Poverty has a negative impact to the health and nutrient status of the population who lived under the poverty line. Poor people are more exposed to environmental risk (poor sanitation, unhealthy food, violence and natural disaster) and have less access to quality health care (WHO, 2000). Various approaches have been conducted to determine the poverty line. Badan Pusat Statistics/Central Bureau for Statistics (BPS/CBS) is one of the institutions that have developed the poverty line, which has been used nationally in Indonesia. The poverty line was defined as the expenditure value of the minimum food, so called food poverty line, and non-food commodities per capita per month (BPS, 1998). The food poverty line was derived by calculating the rupiah value of minimum standard for food adequately required by an individual, which was set at 2,100 calories per person per day. The rupiah value of 2,100 calories was derived from 52 selected food commodities mostly consumed by the reference population from the Susenas/National Health Survey data. Reference population is a group of people living just above the poverty line, and hence, their pattern of consumption can be used as a standard of minimum consumption. The selected food commodities were taking into account the difference among provinces but it did not distinguished between rural and urban areas. Therefore, the difference in values of expenditure spent for purchasing these food commodities refers to the differences in volume and price of each selected food item in both areas. However, some aspects were not considered in the calculation of this food poverty line. First, the estimation of the calorie content from the selected food commodities was not based on the quantities of food actually consumed by household member. It was only concerned on the amount of food used by the household. However, food used is not equivalent to the food consumed. Therefore, the calories content derived from the food used would overestimate the calories intake derived from the food actually consumed by the household member (Hasan, 1997). Secondly, the food poverty line developed by BPS was not measured independently. It was based on the consumption of the reference population. The consumption of the reference population was not necessarily adequate in terms of quantity and quality of the food because the reference population was determined by their non-food expenditure. It did not guarantee that people with higher non-food expenditure would consume adequate food. Third, nutrient or food consumption pattern of the population was correlated by the range of foods, which was locally produced or imported, available in an area and in a given season (Gopalan, 1984 in Hatma 2001).

Abstrak :
A cross sectional study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Khan Kaen Regional Hospital, Thailand to investigate the relationship between protein energy and anorexia status in 100 adult hospitalized patients (50 males and 50 females), aged 20-50 years, who stayed 4-7 days in hospital. Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) was diagnosed using Body Mass Index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2 as a cut-off point and anorexia was based on the weight of leftover food; in this study leftover food containing > 213 (> 66.7%) of the energy served reflected anorexia. On admission, 30% of males were suffering from PEM and it increased to 34% on discharge while among females it was 28% both on admission and discharge. In men, 16% were suffering from anorexia on admission, which decreased to 10% on discharge while 6% of females were suffering from anorexia on admission and increased to 10% on discharge. The anorexia subjects had lower BMI and had a longer length of stay than the non-anorexic subjects (p < 0,05 in males). In conclusion, PEM of hospitalized patients occurred before admission and during hospitalization. There was a negative association between nutritional status and length of stay in hospital. PEM was found to be more prevalent in males than females and the leftover foods of males was also more than the females. The prevalence of PEM is related to leftover foods; it can be used as an estimate of anorexic status and represents an objective indicator for anorexia.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
A cross sectional study on nutritional status of children from small scale farmers' household applying different cropping pattern, was carried out in Cianjur District, West Java Province, Indonesia. There were 47 households producing vegetable (VPH) and 44 households producing rice (RPH), which were selected. Children from small-scale farmers? households seem to be quite vulnerable of malnutrition. Comparation of these two groups of small-scale farmers showed that stunting prevalence among children belonging to rice farmers' households was greater than children belonging to vegetable farmers. Dietary of nutrient intake was less in children from rice group than children from vegetable group. Monthly expenditure per capita from rice farmers' households was less than vegetable farmers' households had.