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"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Anak HIV yang hidup di daerah endemis campak harus memiliki antibodi campak yang protektif karena mereka memiliki risiko lebih tinggi untuk terinfeksi dan mendapatkan komplikasinya. Belum ada laporan mengenai seroprevalens antibodi campak pada anak HIV di Jakarta. Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui seroprevalens antibodi campak dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengannya pada anak-anak HIV.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang yang dilakukan di poliklinik Alergi-Imunologi RSCM pada Desember 2019 hingga Februari 2020. Kriteria inklusiadalah anak usia 1-18 tahun yang telah didiagnosis terinfeksi HIV dan bersedia ikut dalam penelitian. Sampel darah diperiksa untuk mengetahui nilai IgG anti campak.Seroprotektif jika nilai IgG anti campak ≥330 IU/l. Data dikumpulkan dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji regresi logistik. Hasil: Dari 74 subjek, didapatkan laki-laki 44 orang (59,5%), 64,9% anak didiagnosis terinfeksi HIV dan mendapatkan terapi ART pada usia 12 sampai 60 bulan, 73% anak mendapatkan vaksin campak pertama mereka pada usia kurang dari 12 bulan, 52,7% mendapat vaksin campak yang terakhir pada usia sekolah, dan 55,4% mendapatkan vaksinasi campak sebanyak dua kali atau lebih. Sebagian besar pasien tanpa imunodefisiensi (86,5%), dan 50% subjek memiliki status seroprotektif antibodi campak. Tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara status seroprotektif antibodi campak dengan usia, usia vaksinasi campak pertama, frekuensi vaksinasi campak, dan status imunodefisiensi.Simpulan: Sebesar 50% anak HIV memiliki antibodi campak protektif. Status seroprotektif ini tidak memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan usia, usia vaksinasi campakpertama, frekuensi vaksinasi campak, dan status imunodefisiensi.

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Background: HIV children living in endemic measles areas must have protective measles antibodies because they have a higher risk to be infected and get complications. There are no reports of measles antibody seroprevalence in HIV children in Jakarta. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalens of measles antibodiesand its related factors in HIV children. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the RSCM Allergy-Immunology Clinic from December 2019 to February 2020. Inclusion criteria were children aged 1- 18 years who had been diagnosed with HIV and were willing to participate in this study. Blood samples were examined to determine the value of anti-measles IgG. Seroprotective if IgG anti-measles titre ≥330 IU/l. Data is collected and analyzed using logistic regression test. Results: Of 74 samples, there were 44 men (59.5%), 64.9% of children were diagnosedwith HIV and received ART at 12 to 60 months, 73% of children received their first measles vaccine before 12 months of age, 52.7% got their last measles vaccine at school age, and 55.4% got measles vaccinations twice or more. The majority of patients without immunodeficiency (86.5%), and 50% of the sample had seroprotective statusfor measles antibodies. There was no significant relationship between seroprotective status of measles antibody with age, age of first measles vaccination, frequency of measles vaccination, and immunodeficient status. Conclusion: As 50% HIV children have seroprotective measles antibody. There is no significant relationship between seroprotective status and age, age at first meaasles vaccination, number of measles vaccination, and immunodeficiency status."

"Latar belakang: Diare merupakan masalah kesehatan paling sering pada anak.Berbagai penyebab diare dapat menyebabkan diare berlangsung lama dan bisa menjadi malnutrisi (gizi buruk).Penyebab diare bisa disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri dan membutuhkan antibiotik sehingga diperlukan deteksi sedini mungkin. Pemeriksaan soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) dapat menduga adanya infeksi bakteri pada anak dengan diare akut. Tujuan :Mengetahui seberapa besar nilai diagnostik peningkatan leukosit dalam tinja dibandingkan dengan sTREM-1. Metode :studi potong lintang terhadap anak usia 6-60 bulan dengan diare akut tanpa komplikasi dan penyerta penyakit lain. Pada subyek dilakukan anamnesis gambaran klinis (demam, muntah, sakit perut), pemeriksaan leukosit dalam tinja dan pemeriksaan sTREM-1 sebagai referensi standard. Hasil : Anak dengan diare akut oleh karena infeksi bakteri usia 6-60 bulan dengan sTREM-1>470 pg/mL sebanyak 2 dari 64 subyek penelitian dan leukosit tinja > 10 / LPB sebanyak 14 dari 64 subyek penelitian, terbanyak lelaki, status nutrisi normal dan memiliki gambaran klinis demam, muntah dan tanpa sakit perut. Peningkatan leukosit tinja > 10 / LPB memiliki sensitifitas 50 %, spesifisitas 79,1 %, nilai prediksi positif 7,1 %, nilai prediksi negatif 98 %, akurasi 78 %, nilai rasio likelihood positif 2,18 dan nilai rasio likelihood negatif 0,63. Simpulan :Peningkatan leukosit tinja > 10 / LPB sebagai konfirmasi diagnostik kurangbaik dalam mendiagnosis diare akut oleh karena infeksi bakteri.

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Background: Diarrhea is a health problem most often occurs in children. Various etiology of diarrhea can cause prolonged diarrhea and become malnourished (malnutrition). The etiology of diarrhea can be caused by a bacterial infection and requires antibiotics, so that detection is needed as early as possible. Examination of soluble triggering expressed receptors on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) can predict bacterial infection in children with acute diarrhea. Objective: toknow how much the diagnostic value of fecal leukocytes test compared to sTREM-1. Methods: cross-sectional study of children aged 6-60 months with acute diarrhea without complications and other diseases. In the subjects, clinical manifestation was performed (fever, vomiting, abdominal pain), fecal leukocyte test and sTREM-1 test as a standard reference. Results : Children, aged 6-60 months with acute diarrhea due to bacterial infections

with sTREM-1> 470 pg / mL as many as 2 of 64 subjects and fecal leukocytes > 10 / HPF as many as 14 of 64 subjects, most male, normal nutritional status and had clinical

manifestation of fever, vomiting and without abdominal pain. Increased fecal leukocytes > 10 / HPF has a sensitivity of 50%, specificity 79.1%, positive predictive value 7.1%, negative predictive value 98%, accuracy 78%, positive likelihood ratio 2.18 and negative likelihood ratio 0, 63. Conclusion: Fecal leukocyte test > 10 / HPF as a diagnostic confirmation is not good in

diagnosing acute diarrhea due to bacterial infection."

"Latar Belakang : Penggunaan narkotika, psikotropika dan zat adiktif lainnya (NAPZA) pada usia remaja menjadi salah satu masalah sosial besar yang kita hadapi dalam masyarakat dan memberikan dampak negatif. Tujuan: Mengetahui karakteristik dan faktor yang memengaruhi perilaku berisiko tinggi penggunaan NAPZA pada remaja sekolah menengah, serta memperkenalkan kuesioner CRAFFT sebagai instrumen penyaring awal terhadap penggunaan narkoba dan alkohol. Metode: Studi kuantitatif (kuesioner yang divalidasi) terhadap 514 subjek usia 12-18 tahun yang dipilih secara konsekutif. Kuesioner CRAFFT digunakan untuk mendeteksi perilaku berisiko tinggi penggunaan narkotika, psikotropika dan alkohol. Faktor-faktor risiko diperoleh melalui kuesioner yang diisi secara mandiri oleh responden. Analisis statistik menggunakan analisis bivariat (uji kai kuadrat atau uji Fischer) dan multivariat (uji regresi logistik). Hasil: Sebesar 19,6% subjek terlibat dalam perilaku berisiko tinggi penggunaan NAPZA dan sebagian besar adalah laki-laki 12,4%. Perilaku berisiko tinggi penggunaan NAPZA, terdiri dari perilaku merokok (23,8%), minum minuman beralkohol (15,8%), dan penggunaan obat-obatan terlarang dan zat adiktif lainnya (13,6%). Sebagian besar subjek (18,9%) mencoba rokok pertama kali saat usia remaja awal (10-13 tahun), sedangkan minum minuman beralkohol (12,6%) dan menggunakan obat terlarang dan zat adiktif lainnya (9,1%) dimulai saat remaja menengah menengah (14-16 tahun). Jenis obat terlarang yang digunakan, antara lain ganja (52,7%), tramadol (15,2%), dekstrometorfan (10,7%), dan shabu-shabu (6,3%). Kuesioner CRAFFT memiliki reliabilitas yang baik dengan Cronbach’s α sebesar 0,73. Tingkat pendidikan (RO 9,56; p= 0,000), pola asuh otoriter (RO 27,25; p= 0,000), orangtua tidak harmonis (RO 4,00; p= 0,001), tekanan atau ancaman teman sebaya (RO 3,26; p= 0,006), dan kegiatan ekstrakurikuler (RO 2,04; p= 0,048) merupakan faktor yang memengaruhi perilaku risiko tinggi penggunaan alkohol dan narkoba pada remaja. Simpulan: Remaja memiliki risiko besar terlibat dalam perilaku berisiko tinggi penggunaan NAPZA, sehingga dibutuhkan deteksi dini, penanganan yang komprehensif yang melibatkan multidisiplin, serta intervensi terhadap faktor risiko yang ada. CRAFFT dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu instrumen penyaring terhadap penggunaan penggunaan narkotika, psikotropika, dan alkohol pada remaja.

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Background: Narcotics, psychotrophics and addictive substances (NPA) used in adolescents becomes one of the major social problems we are facing in society and gives a negative impact.

Objective: To determine the characteristics and factors that influence high risk behavior of NPA used in adolescents in middle and high school, also introducing CRAFFT questionnaire as an early screening tool for alcohol and illicit drugs use.

Method: Quantitative study (validated questionnaire) was conducted among 514 subject aged 12-18 years old using a consecutive sampling. CRAFFT questionnaire was used to detect a high risk behavior of alcohol and illicit drugs use and self-reported questionnaire used to determine the risk factors of NPA. Statistical analysis was done using bivariate (Chi-square or Fischer tests) and multivariate (logistic regression) analysis.

Results: Most participants (19,6%) were involved in high risk behavior of alcohol and illicit drugs, with the majority of males (12,4%). The high risk behavior, consisted of smoking (23,8%), drinking alcohol (15,8%) and illicit drugs use (13,6%). Majority of the participants (18,9%) started to smoke in early adolescence (10-13 years old), while drinking alcohol (12,6%) and illicit drugs use (9,1%) started in mid adolescence (14-16 tahun). The type of drugs being used were cannabis (52,7%), tramadol (15,2%), dextromethorphan (10,7%) and methamphetamine (6,3%). CRAFFT questionnaire has a good internal consistency with Cronbach’s α 0,73. Education level (OR 9,56; p= 0,000), authoritarian parenting style (OR 27,25; p= 0,000), parents not harmonious (OR 4,00; p= 0,001), peer pressure or threat (OR 3,26; p= 0,006) and extracurricular activities (OR 2,04; p= 0,048) were factors that influenced high risk behavior of alcohol and illicit drugs use in adolescents.

Conclusion: Adolescents have a high risk behavior of alcohol and illicit drugs usage, therefore, early detection, comprehensive treatment involving multidisciplinary and intervention of risk factors are needed. CRAFFT can be used as one of the screening tools for detecting alcohol and illicit drugs use in adolescents."

"Latar belakang: Penyakit refluks gastroesofagus (PRGE) adalah kejadian refluks gastroesofagus yang telah disertai gangguan kualitas hidup atau komplikasi. Angka kejadian PRGE di seluruh dunia sangat beragam dan dipengaruhi oleh distribusi usia. Penyakit gastrointestinal fungsional melatar belakangi terjadinya PRGE. Angka kejadian PRGE pada usia 10—12 tahun yang merupakan masa awal remaja serta hubungan PRGE dengan kejadian gastrointestinal di Indonesia belum pernah dilaporkan.Metode: Studi potong lintang yang dilanjutkan dengan studi kasus kontrol dilakukan terhadap seluruh siswa kelas 4—6 SD, SDN Kenari 1—12, Jakarta pada bulan Mei—Juli 2014. Penegakkan diagnosis PRGE menggunakan kuesioner frequency scale for the symptoms of gastroesofageal reflux disorder (FSSG) dengan melalui translasi kuesioner. Kolik infantil dan gumoh ditegakkan sesuai kriteria ROME III. Sakit perut berulang ditegakkan sesuai kriteria Apley.Hasil penelitian: Validasi kuesioner hasil translasi ke bahasa Indonesia menunjukkan validitas (seluruh pertanyaan memiliki r > 0,3 dengan p < 0,05) dan reabilitas (Cronbach alpha 0,853 dengan item reability index setiap pertanyaan > 0,3) yang baik. Angka kejadian PRGE 404 (44,6%) dari 905 orang anak usia 10—12 tahun dengan interval kepercayaan 95% (IK 95%) 41,4% sampai 47,9%. Odd ratio PRGE pada lelaki dibandingkan perempuan 0,841 (IK 95% 0,646 sampai 1,095; p = 0,198). Kejadian kolik infantil, gumoh, dan sakit perut berulang berturut-turut 23,3%, 16,9%, dan 3%. Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara jenis kelamin (p = 0,299), kelompok usia (p = 0,902), kolik (p = 0,226), dan sakit perut berulang (p = 0,353) dengan kejadian PRGE. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan gumoh dan riwayat orang tua dengan PRGE berhubungan dengan kejadian PRGE pada anak usia 10—12 tahun dengan odd ratio berturut-turut 2,166 (IK 95% 1,226 sampai 3,827) dan 3,069 (IK 95% 1,233 sampai 7,637).Simpulan: Angka kejadian PRGE pada anak usia 10—12 tahun di Indonesia adalah 44,6%. Regurgitasi pada masa bayi dan riwayat PRGE pada orang tua berhubungan dengan kejadian PRGE pada anak usia 10—12 tahun. Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara kolik infantil dan riwayat sakit perut berulang terhadap kejadian PRGE.

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Introduction: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is an event of gastroesophageal reflux followed by certain disruption in quality of life or one of which cause some complications. Prevalence of GERD varies greatly worldwide and influenced by age distribution. Functional gastrointestinal disorders are responsible for GERD. GERD prevalence in children aged 10—12 years old, which is an early adolescence phase, as well as correlation between GERD and other gastrointestinal disorder were never been reported in Indonesia.

Method: A cross sectional study followed by a case control study were done to all elementary students grade 4—6 who studied in SDN Kenari 1—12, from May to July 2014. Diagnosis of GERD was established using frequency scale for symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disorder (FSSG), which was translated into Indonesian language. Infantile colic and regurgitation were diagnosed according to ROME III criteria while recurrent abdominal pain according to Apley criteria.

Result: Validation of the translated FSSG questionnaire showed that it was valid (all question had r > 0.3 with p < 0.05) and reliable (Cronbach alpha 0.853 with item reliability index on each question > 0.3). Prevalence of GERD was 404 (44.6%) out of 905 children aged 10—12 years old wih confidence interval of 95% (95% CI, 41.4% to 47.9%). Odd ratio (OR) of GERD in males compared to females was 0.841 (95% CI, 0.646 to 1.095; p = 0.198). Prevalence of infantile colic, regurgitation, and reccurent abdominal pain were 23.3%, 16.9%, and 3% respectively. There were no significant correlation in GERD prevalence with sex (p = 0.299), age group (p = 0.902), infantile colic (p = 0.226), and recurrent abdominal pain (p = 0.353). Multivariate analysis showed that GERD prevalence correlated with regurgitation (OR 2.166; 95% CI, 1.226 to 3.827) and parental history of GERD (OR 3.069; 95% CI, 1.233 to 7.637).

Conclusion: GERD prevalence in children aged 10—12 years old in Indonesia was 44.6%. Infant regurgitation and parental history of GERD correlated with the event of GERD in children aged 10—12 years old. There is no significant correlation between infantile colic and history of reccurent abdominal pain with GERD prevalence."

"Latar belakang. Hiperplasia adrenal kongenital (HAK) adalah suatu kelainan genetik yang bersifat autosomal resesif. Lebih dari 90% kasus terjadi akibat defisiensi enzim 21-hidroksilase (21-OHD) yang disebabkan oleh mutasi gen CYP21.Tujuan. Mengetahui profil mutasi CYP21 terhadap profil klinis anak dengan HAK di Indonesia.Metode. Studi deskriptif retrospektif dilakukan selama Oktober-Desember 2014. Subjek adalah anak HAK yang terdaftar di Klinik Endokrinologi Anak RSCM dan pernah dilakukan pemeriksaan mutasi gen CYP21. Data diambil dari anamnesis terhadap orangtua, rekam medis dan register HAK tahun 2009-2014.Hasil penelitian. Didapatkan total subjek sebesar 45 subjek (37 perempuan, 8 lelaki) dengan profil klinis tipe salt wasting (SW) 33 subjek, simple virilizing (SV) 10 subjek, dan non-classic (NC) 2 subjek. Median usia saat terdiagnosis pada tipe SW usia 1 bulan (0-3 bulan), tipe SV usia 3 tahun (2-6 tahun), tipe NC usia 5 tahun. Keluhan utama terbanyak adalah genitalia ambigus (60%). Subjek perempuan mengalami kesalahan penentuan jenis kelamin saat lahir (32,4%) dan memiliki perilaku maskulin (24,3%). Tiga jenis mutasi ditemukan pada dua subjek, dua jenis mutasi ditemukan pada 19 subjek, mutasi R356W saja dialami oleh 9 pasien, dan mutasi I172N saja ditemukan pada 15 pasien. Mutasi I172N ditemukan pada 80% alel, R356W pada 66,7% alel, dan delesi/LGC pada 4,4% alel. Tipe SW yang mengalami mutasi delesi/LGC dan atau R356W sebesar 63,6%.Simpulan. Manifestasi klinis terbanyak pada penelitian ini adalah tipe SW dengan mutasi R356W dan atau delesi/LGC. Pemeriksaan mutasi gen CYP21 bermanfaat untuk konseling genetik, diagnosis prenatal dan tata laksana pada keluarga yang memiliki risiko HAK.

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Background. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. More than 90% of cases are due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency which caused by CYP21 mutation.

Objective. Study the characteristic of CYP21 mutation and clinical manifestation in children with CAH in Indonesia.

Method. A descriptive retrospective study was performed during October-December 2014. Subjects were CAH children who were admitted to Pediatric Endocrinology Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital and tested for CYP21 gene mutation. Data were taken based on parents? interview, medical records and CAH registry during 2009-2014.

Results. A total of 45 subjects (37 girls, 8 boys) participated, with clinical profile of salt wasting (SW) type found in 33 subjects, simple virilizing (SV) in 10 subjects, and non-classical (NC) type in two subjects. Median age of diagnosis in SW type is 1 month old (0-3 month), SV type is 3 years old (2-6 years), NC type is 5 years old. Ambigous genitalia was the major chief complaint (60%). Girls experienced gender reassessment (32,4%) and show masculine behavior (24,3%). Three types of mutations were found in two patients, two types of mutations (R356W and I172N) in 19 patients, only R356W mutation in 9 patients, and only I172N mutation in 15 patients. I172N mutation was found in 80% alleles, followed by R356W in 66,7% alleles, and deletion/LGC in 4,4% alleles. In the SW form, 63,6% subjects had deletion and/or R356W mutation.

Conclusion. The most common clinical manifestation in this study is SW type with deletion/LGC and or R356W mutation. CYP21 mutation analysis may provide important information for genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis and management of families at risk for CAH."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Obesitas pada anak merupakan predisposisi terjadinya obesitas saat dewasa yang berhubungan dengan timbulnya penyakit ko-morbiditas metabolik. Obesitas ditandai dengan penimbunan jaringan adiposa tubuh secara berlebihan sehingga menghasilkan sitokin dan mediator inflamasi yang berperan dalam terjadinya inflamasi subklinis.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui profil penanda inflamasi subklinis pada anak obes usia 9-12 tahun melalui pemeriksaan sitokin inflamasi (Interleukin-6) dan protein fase akut (C-reactive protein dan alpha-1-acid glycoprotein).Metode: Penelitian deskriptif potong lintang yang dilakukan pada siswa SD obes dan non-obes usia 9-12 tahun di Jakarta Selatan dan bersedia diukur antropometri serta diperiksa laboratorium IL-6, CRP, dan AGP.Hasil: Dari 30 anak obes dan 30 anak non-obes didapatkan kadar median IL-6 anak obes lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan anak non-obes yaitu 3,09 (1,16-6,49) vs 1,27 (0,51-3,86), kadar median CRP pada kelompok obes lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok non-obes, yaitu 2,25 (0,4-64) vs 0,2 (<0,2-2,6) dan kadar rerata AGP kelompok obes lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok non-obes, yaitu 93,13 ± 18,29 vs 71 ± 18,89.Simpulan: Inflamasi subklinis telah terjadi pada anak obes berusia 9-12 tahun. Kadar sitokin inflamasi IL-6, kadar protein fase akut CRP dan AGP lebih tinggi pada anak obes dibandingkan anak non-obes.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Obesity in children is an important predisposing factor of adult obesity and correlates with metabolic co-morbidities. Obesity is basically an overt body adipose tissue which resulting cytokine and inflammatory mediators. The cytokine and inflammatory mediators play important role in subclinical inflammation.Objective: To describe subclinical inflammatory marker of obese children age 9-12 years old by examining inflammatory cytokine (Interleukin-6) and acute phase protein (C-reactive protein and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein).Methods: Cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in elementary school students of obese and non-obese age 9-12 years old in South Jakarta. Antropometric measurements and examination of IL-6, CRP, AGP were taken.Results: Thirty obese and thirty non-obese children were recruited in this study. Obese children showed higher median IL-6 compared to non-obese (3,09 (1,16-6,49) vs 1,27 (0,51-3,86)), higher median CRP in obese children compared to non-obese (2,25 (0,4-64) vs 0,2 (<0,2-2,6)). Obese children also showed higher mean AGP compared to non-obese (93,13 ± 18,29 vs 71 ± 18,89).Conclusions: Obese children age 9-12 years old have evidence of subclinical inflammation. The subclinical inflammation was based on higher IL-6, CRP, and AGP in obese children compared to non-obese children.;Background: Obesity in children is an important predisposing factor of adult obesity and correlates with metabolic co-morbidities. Obesity is basically an overt body adipose tissue which resulting cytokine and inflammatory mediators. The cytokine and inflammatory mediators play important role in subclinical inflammation.Objective: To describe subclinical inflammatory marker of obese children age 9-12 years old by examining inflammatory cytokine (Interleukin-6) and acute phase protein (C-reactive protein and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein).Methods: Cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in elementary school students of obese and non-obese age 9-12 years old in South Jakarta. Antropometric measurements and examination of IL-6, CRP, AGP were taken.Results: Thirty obese and thirty non-obese children were recruited in this study. Obese children showed higher median IL-6 compared to non-obese (3,09 (1,16-6,49) vs 1,27 (0,51-3,86)), higher median CRP in obese children compared to non-obese (2,25 (0,4-64) vs 0,2 (<0,2-2,6)). Obese children also showed higher mean AGP compared to non-obese (93,13 ± 18,29 vs 71 ± 18,89).Conclusions: Obese children age 9-12 years old have evidence of subclinical inflammation. The subclinical inflammation was based on higher IL-6, CRP, and AGP in obese children compared to non-obese children.;Background: Obesity in children is an important predisposing factor of adult obesity and correlates with metabolic co-morbidities. Obesity is basically an overt body adipose tissue which resulting cytokine and inflammatory mediators. The cytokine and inflammatory mediators play important role in subclinical inflammation.Objective: To describe subclinical inflammatory marker of obese children age 9-12 years old by examining inflammatory cytokine (Interleukin-6) and acute phase protein (C-reactive protein and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein).Methods: Cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in elementary school students of obese and non-obese age 9-12 years old in South Jakarta. Antropometric measurements and examination of IL-6, CRP, AGP were taken.Results: Thirty obese and thirty non-obese children were recruited in this study. Obese children showed higher median IL-6 compared to non-obese (3,09 (1,16-6,49) vs 1,27 (0,51-3,86)), higher median CRP in obese children compared to non-obese (2,25 (0,4-64) vs 0,2 (<0,2-2,6)). Obese children also showed higher mean AGP compared to non-obese (93,13 ± 18,29 vs 71 ± 18,89).Conclusions: Obese children age 9-12 years old have evidence of subclinical inflammation. The subclinical inflammation was based on higher IL-6, CRP, and AGP in obese children compared to non-obese children., Background: Obesity in children is an important predisposing factor of adult obesity and correlates with metabolic co-morbidities. Obesity is basically an overt body adipose tissue which resulting cytokine and inflammatory mediators. The cytokine and inflammatory mediators play important role in subclinical inflammation.Objective: To describe subclinical inflammatory marker of obese children age 9-12 years old by examining inflammatory cytokine (Interleukin-6) and acute phase protein (C-reactive protein and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein).Methods: Cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in elementary school students of obese and non-obese age 9-12 years old in South Jakarta. Antropometric measurements and examination of IL-6, CRP, AGP were taken.Results: Thirty obese and thirty non-obese children were recruited in this study. Obese children showed higher median IL-6 compared to non-obese (3,09 (1,16-6,49) vs 1,27 (0,51-3,86)), higher median CRP in obese children compared to non-obese (2,25 (0,4-64) vs 0,2 (<0,2-2,6)). Obese children also showed higher mean AGP compared to non-obese (93,13 ± 18,29 vs 71 ± 18,89).Conclusions: Obese children age 9-12 years old have evidence of subclinical inflammation. The subclinical inflammation was based on higher IL-6, CRP, and AGP in obese children compared to non-obese children.]"

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Angka kejadian trombositopenia pada neonatus dilaporkan antara 22-35%, dan salah satu komplikasinya adalah perdarahan intraventrikular (PIV). Penelitian sebelumnya di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) Jakarta melaporkan angka kejadian PIV masih tinggi pada bayi usia gestasi < 35 minggu sebesar 43,47%. Perdarahan intraventrikular menyebabkan dampak yang berat pada perkembangan neurologis dan mortalitas. Di Indonesia, belum ada penelitian mengenai hubungan trombositopenia dan PIV. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan trombositopenia dengan PIV pada bayi usia gestasi < 35 minggu dan korelasi antara derajat berat trombositopenia dan derajat berat PIV. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dengan penelusuran rekam medis dilakukan di Divisi Neonatologi Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia RSCM pada subjek yang dirawat pada bulan Januari 2012 sampai Desember 2014 dengan diagnosis PIV. Subjek dibagi menjadi kelompok PIV ringan sedang (derajat ≤ 2) dan berat (derajat > 2). Nilai trombosit dicatat pada hari yang sama dengan diagnosis PIV. Digunakan uji Pearson?s chi-square, Fischer, analisis multivariat, dan korelasi untuk analisis data. Hasil: Angka kejadian PIV berat dengan trombosit < 100.000/uL sebesar 28,2% dibanding 10,4% pada nilai trombosit ≥ 100.000/uL (p=0,014). Berdasarkan analisis multivariat, faktor yang memiliki pengaruh terhadap terjadinya PIV berat adalah usia gestasi < 32 minggu dan penggunaan alat bantu napas berupa ventilator dan high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). Derajat berat trombositopenia tidak memiliki korelasi dengan derajat berat PIV (koefisien korelasi 0,21). Simpulan: Trombositopenia tidak memiliki peranan pada terjadinya PIV berat. Derajat berat trombositopenia tidak memiliki korelasi dengan derajat berat PIV.

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ABSTRACTBackground: The prevalence of thrombocytopenia in neonates ranges from 22 to 35%, and the complication could be intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). The previous research in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) Jakarta reported high incidence of IVH until gestational age < 35 weeks which is 43,47%. Intraventricular hemorrhage has caused a significant defect to neurologic development and mortality. In Indonesia, there were no research about the relationsghip between thrombocytopenia and IVH. Objective: To study the relation between thrombocytopenia and IVH in a baby with gestational age < 35 weeks and the correlation between the severity of thrombocytopenia and the severity of IVH. Methods: A cross sectional study was performed by medical records review in Neonatology Division of Child Health Department University of Indonesia RSCM. The subject of this study is neonates who were hospitalized from January 2012 until December 2014 with IVH diagnosis. Subjects were divided into mild moderate IVH (grade ≤ 2) and severe IVH (grade > 2). Thrombocyte count was recorded in the same day with the diagnosis of IVH. Pearson?s chi-squared, Fischer's tests, multivariate analysis, and correlation were used to analyzed the data. Results: Risk of severe IVH was 28,2% in neonates with thrombocyte count < 100,000/uL versus 10,4% in neonates without (p=0.014). From multivariate analysis, gestational age < 32 weeks and the use of respiratory support (ventilator and high frequency oscillatory ventilation) played a significant role in severe IVH. The severity of thrombocytopenia has no correlation with the severity of IVH (correlation coefficient = 0,21). Conclusion: Thrombocytopenia doesn?t have a role in severe IVH based on multivariate anlysis. The severity of thrombocytopenia has no correlation with the severity of IVH., Background: The prevalence of thrombocytopenia in neonates ranges from 22 to 35%, and the complication could be intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). The previous research in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) Jakarta reported high incidence of IVH until gestational age < 35 weeks which is 43,47%. Intraventricular hemorrhage has caused a significant defect to neurologic development and mortality. In Indonesia, there were no research about the relationsghip between thrombocytopenia and IVH. Objective: To study the relation between thrombocytopenia and IVH in a baby with gestational age < 35 weeks and the correlation between the severity of thrombocytopenia and the severity of IVH. Methods: A cross sectional study was performed by medical records review in Neonatology Division of Child Health Department University of Indonesia RSCM. The subject of this study is neonates who were hospitalized from January 2012 until December 2014 with IVH diagnosis. Subjects were divided into mild moderate IVH (grade ≤ 2) and severe IVH (grade > 2). Thrombocyte count was recorded in the same day with the diagnosis of IVH. Pearson’s chi-squared, Fischer’s tests, multivariate analysis, and correlation were used to analyzed the data. Results: Risk of severe IVH was 28,2% in neonates with thrombocyte count < 100,000/uL versus 10,4% in neonates without (p=0.014). From multivariate analysis, gestational age < 32 weeks and the use of respiratory support (ventilator and high frequency oscillatory ventilation) played a significant role in severe IVH. The severity of thrombocytopenia has no correlation with the severity of IVH (correlation coefficient = 0,21). Conclusion: Thrombocytopenia doesn’t have a role in severe IVH based on multivariate anlysis. The severity of thrombocytopenia has no correlation with the severity of IVH.]"

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Terapi kombinasi antiretroviral (ARV)telah berhasil menurunkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas pasien HIV, namun efek samping jangka panjang dapat menimbulkan perubahan distribusi lemak tubuh yang dikenal dengan sindrom lipodistrofi. Pasien HIV yang mengalami lipodistrofi berisiko mengalami gangguan metabolik yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya penyakit kardiovaskular.Tujuan: Mengidentifikasi adanya lipodistrofi dan dislipidemia pada pasien prepubertas dengan HIV yang mendapatkan terapi ARV jangka panjang.Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan pada 76 pasien HIV usia prepubertas yang kontrol rutin di Poli Alergi Imunologi RSCM. Subyek dilakukan pemeriksaan klinis lipodistrofi oleh tenaga klinis terlatih menggunakan kriteria dari the European Paediatric Group of Lipodystrophy. Selain itu juga dilakukan pemeriksaan tebal lipatan kulit (TLK) triceps dan subscapular, lingkar pinggang, serta rasio lingkar pinggang-panggul. Data kadar CD4 awal, status gizi awal terdiagnosis, jenis terapi ARV, dan lama terapi ARV diambil dari rekam medis. Subyek juga dilakukan analisis diet, pemeriksaan profil lipid dan gula darah puasa.Hasil: Pada subyek prepubertas dengan HIV yang mendapatkan terapi ARV yang mengalami lipodistrofi dan dislipidemia berturut-turut sebanyak 47% dan 46%. Subyek yang mengalami lipodistrofi berupa lipohipertrofi (35%), lipoatrofi (5%), dan tipe campuran (7%). Subyek yang mengalami lipodistrofi pada umumnya memiliki massa lemak tubuh, serta TLK triceps dan subscapular yang normal. Pada subyek dengan lipohipertrofi dan tipe campuran seluruhnya memiliki rasio lingkar pinggang-panggul yang meningkat.Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara penggunaan regimen ARV kombinasi 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)+ protease inhibitor (PI) meningkatkan risiko 6,9 kali untuk terjadinya dislipidemia (p=0,001, IK95% 2,03-23,7) dibandingkan regimen 2NRTI+ non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI).Simpulan: Prevalens lipodistrofi dan dislipidemia cukup tinggi pada pasien prepubertas dengan HIV yang mendapatkan terapi ARV. Pada umumnya subyek yang mengalami lipodistrofi pada penelitian ini adalah tipe lipohipertrofi.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Antiretroviral (ARV) combination therapy has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected children. Long-term adverse effect of ARV is lipodystrophy syndrome. Lipodystrophy associated with metabolic disturbances which can cause cardiovascular disease.Objective: To identify lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia in prepubertal HIV-infected patients receiving long-term ARV therapy.Methods: Cross sectional study including 76 prepuberty HIV-infected children was performed by clinical and medical records review in Allergy Immunology Ward Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Clinical examination of lipodystrophy was assesed by a trained clinician using the European Pediatric Group of Lipodystrophy criteria. We also assesed triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses, waist ratio, and waist-hip ratio. CD4 level and nutritional status at beginning therapy, ARV regiments, and duration ARV therapy were reviewed from medical records. We also performed diet analysis and laboratory examination such as lipid profiles and fasting glucose.Results: Prevalenceof lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia inprepubertalinfected-HIV children who receiving ARV were 47% and 46%. Subjects with lipodystrophy consisted of lipohypertrophy (35%), lipoatrophy (5%), and mixed type (7%). Subjects with lipodystrophy majority had normal triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses and normal total body fat. All subjects with lipohipertrophy and mixed type had an increasing waist-hip ratio. Regiment of 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) + protease inhibitor (PI) increased 6,9 times risk of dyslipidemia compare with 2NRTI+ non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) regiment (p=0,001, 95%CI 2,03-23,7).Conclusion: The prevalence of lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia are high among prepuberty HIV-infected children on antiretroviral therapy. Majority of subjects with lipodystrophy in this study were lipohypertrophy type., Background: Antiretroviral (ARV) combination therapy has significantly reduced morbidityand mortality in HIV-infected children. Long-term adverse effect of ARV is lipodystrophysyndrome. Lipodystrophy associated with metabolic disturbances which can causecardiovascular disease. Objective: To identify lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia in prepubertal HIV-infected patientsreceiving long-term ARV therapy.Methods: Cross sectional study including 76 prepuberty HIV-infected children wasperformed by clinical and medical records review in Allergy Immunology Ward CiptoMangunkusumo Hospital. Clinical examination of lipodystrophy was assesed by a trainedclinician using the European Pediatric Group of Lipodystrophy criteria. We also assesedtriceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses, waist ratio, and waist-hip ratio. CD4 level andnutritional status at beginning therapy, ARV regiments, and duration ARV therapy werereviewed from medical records. We also performed diet analysis and laboratory examinationsuch as lipid profiles and fasting glucose. Results: Prevalenceof lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia inprepubertalinfected-HIV childrenwho receiving ARV were 47% and 46%. Subjects with lipodystrophy consisted oflipohypertrophy (35%), lipoatrophy (5%), and mixed type (7%). Subjects with lipodystrophymajority had normal triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses and normal total body fat.All subjects with lipohipertrophy and mixed type had an increasing waist-hip ratio. Regimentof 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) + protease inhibitor (PI) increased 6,9times risk of dyslipidemia compare with 2NRTI+ non-nucleoside reverse transcriptaseinhibitor (NNRTI) regiment (p=0,001, 95%CI 2,03-23,7).Conclusion: The prevalence of lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia are high among prepubertyHIV-infected children on antiretroviral therapy. Majority of subjects with lipodystrophy inthis study were lipohypertrophy type.]"

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang : Hiperglikemia kronik pada pasien Diabetes melitus tipe 1 (DMT1) dihubungkan dengan kerusakan jangka panjang, gangguan fungsi dan kerusakan berbagai organ tubuh lain seperti mata, ginjal, saraf, jantung dan pembuluh kapiler. Salah satu gangguan fungsi organ yang sering diabaikan sebagai akibat hiperglikemia adalah faal paru. Uji fungsi paru dapat membedakan kelainan paru obstruktif, restriktif atau campuran antara obstruktif dn restriktif. Uji fungsi paru dengan spirometri tidak dapat dilakukan dengan baik pada anak dibawah usia 7 atau 8 tahun karena memerlukan koordinasi yang cukup sulit. Penelitian tentang dampak DMT1 terhadap paru di Indonesia belum ada sampai saat ini.Tujuan : Mengetahui gambaran uji fungsi paru pada pasien DMT1 usia 8-18 tahun.Metode : Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di Poliklinik Endokrinologi dan Respirologi Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM), serta Laboratorium Prodia Salemba pada bulan Januari 2015. Wawancara orangtua dilakukan dan data kadar HbA1c dalam rentang satu tahun terakhir diambil dari rekam medis subjek atau berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan sebelumnya. Uji fungsi paru dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali dan diambil salah satu hasil yang terbaik. Kemudian subjek menjalani pengambilan darah untuk pemeriksaan kadar HbA1c dengan metode cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) di Laboratorium Prodia.Hasil : Tiga puluh lima subjek berpartisipasi dalam penelitian, terdiri dari 68,6% perempuan. Rerata usia 14 ± 2,7 tahun dan median durasi DM adalah 4 tahun (1,3-10,2 tahun). Rerata parameter FEV1 adalah 86,8 ± 14%, FVC 82,7 ± 12% dan V25 83,1 ± 26,2%. Median FEV1/FVC adalah 92,4 % (77,6-100) dan V50 91,5 % (41,1-204). Fungsi paru normal didapatkan pada 19 subjek (54,3%) dan fungsi paru terganggu sebanyak 16 subjek (45,7%), terdiri dari 10 subjek (28,6%) gangguan restriktif, 2 subjek (5,7%) gangguan obstruktif dan 4 subjek (11,4%) gangguan campuran. Rerata HbA1c dalam 1 tahun terakhir pada subjek dengan gangguan restriktif adalah 10,3%. Simpulan : Nilai parameter uji fungsi paru pasien DMT1 usia 8-18 tahun masih dalam batas normal. Gangguan fungsi paru didapatkan pada 16 subjek (45,7%) dengan gangguan restriksi terbanyak yaitu 10 subjek (28,6%).

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ABSTRACTBackground: Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with long term functional impairment and damage of several parts of the body, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and capillary blood vessels. Among all systems, disorder of pulmonary function due to hyperglycemia is often neglected by physicians. Pulmonary function test could determine whether the lung impairment is obstructive, restrictive, or mixed. Pulmonary function test using spirometry could not be applied to children below 7 or 8 years old because they are not capable to do the test. Until now, research about the effect of T1DM to pulmonary function has never been done in Indonesia.Objective: To obtain pulmonary function test profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old.Methods: This cross sectional study took place at Endocrinology and Respirology Outpatient Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and Prodia Laboratory Service in Salemba in January 2015. Parents of subjects were interviewed for history disease. HbA1c level of recent year was collected from medical records or from previous test results. Pulmonary function test were conducted three times to each subjects and among those three results, the best was chosen as data. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c level measurement. The HbA1c level was measured by cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) method in Prodia Laboratory.Results: Thirty five subjects participated in the research, 68.6% of them were female. The average age was 14 ± 2.7 years and the median duration of diabetes melitus was 4 years (1.3-10.2 years). FEV1, FVC, and V25 average was 86.8 ± 14%, 82.7 ± 12%, and 83.1 ± 26.2%, respectively. The median of FEV1/FVC and V50 was 92.4 % (77.6-100) and 91.5% (41.1-204) respectively. Nineteen subjects (54.3%) had normal pulmonary function and among 16 (45.7%) abnormal subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restrictive disorder, 2 (5.7%) had obstructive disorder, and 4 (11.4%) had mixed disorder. Average of HbA1c level of restrictive group was 10.3%.Conclusions: Pulmonary function test parameter profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old lies in normal range. Pulmonary function disorder was found in 16 subjects (45.7%). Among those 16 subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restriction disorder.;Background: Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with long term functional impairment and damage of several parts of the body, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and capillary blood vessels. Among all systems, disorder of pulmonary function due to hyperglycemia is often neglected by physicians. Pulmonary function test could determine whether the lung impairment is obstructive, restrictive, or mixed. Pulmonary function test using spirometry could not be applied to children below 7 or 8 years old because they are not capable to do the test. Until now, research about the effect of T1DM to pulmonary function has never been done in Indonesia. Objective: To obtain pulmonary function test profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old. Methods: This cross sectional study took place at Endocrinology and Respirology Outpatient Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and Prodia Laboratory Service in Salemba in January 2015. Parents of subjects were interviewed for history disease. HbA1c level of recent year was collected from medical records or from previous test results. Pulmonary function test were conducted three times to each subjects and among those three results, the best was chosen as data. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c level measurement. The HbA1c level was measured by cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) method in Prodia Laboratory. Results: Thirty five subjects participated in the research, 68.6% of them were female. The average age was 14 ± 2.7 years and the median duration of diabetes melitus was 4 years (1.3-10.2 years). FEV1, FVC, and V25 average was 86.8 ± 14%, 82.7 ± 12%, and 83.1 ± 26.2%, respectively. The median of FEV1/FVC and V50 was 92.4 % (77.6-100) and 91.5% (41.1-204) respectively. Nineteen subjects (54.3%) had normal pulmonary function and among 16 (45.7%) abnormal subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restrictive disorder, 2 (5.7%) had obstructive disorder, and 4 (11.4%) had mixed disorder. Average of HbA1c level of restrictive group was 10.3%. Conclusions: Pulmonary function test parameter profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old lies in normal range. Pulmonary function disorder was found in 16 subjects (45.7%). Among those 16 subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restriction disorder., Background: Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with long term functional impairment and damage of several parts of the body, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and capillary blood vessels. Among all systems, disorder of pulmonary function due to hyperglycemia is often neglected by physicians. Pulmonary function test could determine whether the lung impairment is obstructive, restrictive, or mixed. Pulmonary function test using spirometry could not be applied to children below 7 or 8 years old because they are not capable to do the test. Until now, research about the effect of T1DM to pulmonary function has never been done in Indonesia. Objective: To obtain pulmonary function test profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old. Methods: This cross sectional study took place at Endocrinology and Respirology Outpatient Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and Prodia Laboratory Service in Salemba in January 2015. Parents of subjects were interviewed for history disease. HbA1c level of recent year was collected from medical records or from previous test results. Pulmonary function test were conducted three times to each subjects and among those three results, the best was chosen as data. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c level measurement. The HbA1c level was measured by cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) method in Prodia Laboratory. Results: Thirty five subjects participated in the research, 68.6% of them were female. The average age was 14 ± 2.7 years and the median duration of diabetes melitus was 4 years (1.3-10.2 years). FEV1, FVC, and V25 average was 86.8 ± 14%, 82.7 ± 12%, and 83.1 ± 26.2%, respectively. The median of FEV1/FVC and V50 was 92.4 % (77.6-100) and 91.5% (41.1-204) respectively. Nineteen subjects (54.3%) had normal pulmonary function and among 16 (45.7%) abnormal subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restrictive disorder, 2 (5.7%) had obstructive disorder, and 4 (11.4%) had mixed disorder. Average of HbA1c level of restrictive group was 10.3%. Conclusions: Pulmonary function test parameter profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old lies in normal range. Pulmonary function disorder was found in 16 subjects (45.7%). Among those 16 subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restriction disorder.]"

"[ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Pasien HIV anak berisiko tinggi mengalami gangguanneurokognitif akibat keterlibatan sistem saraf pusat (SSP). Prevalens gangguankognitif tersebut berkisar antara 8%-62%. Pemberian ARV menurunkan viralload di SSP sehingga mencegah penurunan fungsi kognitif. Tujuan penelitian iniuntuk memberikan gambaran fungsi kognitif pasien HIV anak dalam terapi ARV.Metode: Studi potong lintang dilakukan terhadap pasien HIV anak berusia 5-15tahun. Penilaian kognitif dilakukan dengan instrumen Wechsler intelligence scalefor children IV (WISC IV). Pemeriksaan elektroensefalografi bertujuan untukmembuktikan kerusakan akibat keterlibatan SSP pada infeksi HIV.Hasil: Sembilan puluh pasien HIV anak median usia 9 tahun telah memperolehARV dengan median 69 bulan. Hasil rerata verbal, performance, dan full-scale IQ(FSIQ) berturut-turut adalah 88,66 (SB 15,69), 85,30 (SB 15,35), dan 85,73 (SB15,61). Enam puluh tujuh (74,4%) subjek memiliki verbal IQ normal, 56 (62,2%)performance scale normal, dan 58 (64,4%) FSIQ normal. Hasil EEG abnormaldidapatkan pada 22 subjek (22,4%) dan tidak memiliki hubungan dengan stadiumklinis, usia dan lama pemberian ARV, serta viral load. Stadium HIVmenunjukkan hubungan bermakna dengan komponen verbal scale IQ dan FSIQ(p=0,042 dan p=0,044). Hasil IQ tidak memiliki hubungan dengan usia pemberianARV, lama pemberian ARV, dan viral load.Simpulan: Pasien HIV anak dalam terapi ARV memiliki rerata IQ abnormal padaverbal, performance, dan FSIQ. Berdasarkan kategori hasil IQ lebih dari 50%subjek memiliki IQ normal pada ketiga skala WISC. Studi kohort diperlukanuntuk menilai apakah pemberian ARV lebih dini dan faktor yang memengaruhidapat mencegah penurunan fungsi kognitif pasien HIV anakABSTRACT Introduction: Children with HIV infection are at high risk for developing

neurocognitive impairment because of central nervous system (CNS)

involvement. Prevalence of cognitive impairment is reported between 8%-62%.

Decreased viral load due to antiretroviral therapy (ARV) would prevent the

decrease of cognitive function. The aim of this study was to describe cognitive

function in HIV-infected children on ARV.

Method: We conducted cross sectional study of HIV-infected children aged 5-15

years. Wechsler intelligence scale for children IV (WISC-IV) was administered

for assessing cognitive function. Electroencephalograph was performed to prove

abnormalities caused by CNS involvement of HIV infection

Results: Ninety HIV-infected children with median age of 9 years had received

ARV for median of 69 months. The mean (SD) of verbal, performance, and full

scale IQ were 88,66 (SD 15,69), 85,30 (SD 15,35), and 85,73 (SD 15,61)

respectively. Sixty seven subjects (74,4%) had normal verbal IQ, 56 subjects

(62,2%) had normal performance IQ, and 58 subjects (64,4%) had normal FSIQ.

Twenty two children (22,4%) showed EEG abnormality which was not correlated

to clinical stage, onset and duration of ARV, and viral load. Clinical stage of HIV

showed significant association with verbal and FSIQ (p 0,042 and p 0,044). IQ

results did not have association with onset and duration of ARV and viral load.

Conclusion: HIV-infected children on ARV have abnormal mean IQ in verbal,

performance and FSIQ. Based on categorical IQ, most subjects have normal

verbal, performance, and FSIQ. Cohort study is needed to address whether early

ARV can preserve cognitive function.;Introduction: Children with HIV infection are at high risk for developing

neurocognitive impairment because of central nervous system (CNS)

involvement. Prevalence of cognitive impairment is reported between 8%-62%.

Decreased viral load due to antiretroviral therapy (ARV) would prevent the

decrease of cognitive function. The aim of this study was to describe cognitive

function in HIV-infected children on ARV.

Method: We conducted cross sectional study of HIV-infected children aged 5-15

years. Wechsler intelligence scale for children IV (WISC-IV) was administered

for assessing cognitive function. Electroencephalograph was performed to prove

abnormalities caused by CNS involvement of HIV infection

Results: Ninety HIV-infected children with median age of 9 years had received

ARV for median of 69 months. The mean (SD) of verbal, performance, and full

scale IQ were 88,66 (SD 15,69), 85,30 (SD 15,35), and 85,73 (SD 15,61)

respectively. Sixty seven subjects (74,4%) had normal verbal IQ, 56 subjects

(62,2%) had normal performance IQ, and 58 subjects (64,4%) had normal FSIQ.

Twenty two children (22,4%) showed EEG abnormality which was not correlated

to clinical stage, onset and duration of ARV, and viral load. Clinical stage of HIV

showed significant association with verbal and FSIQ (p 0,042 and p 0,044). IQ

results did not have association with onset and duration of ARV and viral load.

Conclusion: HIV-infected children on ARV have abnormal mean IQ in verbal,

performance and FSIQ. Based on categorical IQ, most subjects have normal

verbal, performance, and FSIQ. Cohort study is needed to address whether early

ARV can preserve cognitive function.;Introduction: Children with HIV infection are at high risk for developing

neurocognitive impairment because of central nervous system (CNS)

involvement. Prevalence of cognitive impairment is reported between 8%-62%.

Decreased viral load due to antiretroviral therapy (ARV) would prevent the

decrease of cognitive function. The aim of this study was to describe cognitive

function in HIV-infected children on ARV.

Method: We conducted cross sectional study of HIV-infected children aged 5-15

years. Wechsler intelligence scale for children IV (WISC-IV) was administered

for assessing cognitive function. Electroencephalograph was performed to prove

abnormalities caused by CNS involvement of HIV infection

Results: Ninety HIV-infected children with median age of 9 years had received

ARV for median of 69 months. The mean (SD) of verbal, performance, and full

scale IQ were 88,66 (SD 15,69), 85,30 (SD 15,35), and 85,73 (SD 15,61)

respectively. Sixty seven subjects (74,4%) had normal verbal IQ, 56 subjects

(62,2%) had normal performance IQ, and 58 subjects (64,4%) had normal FSIQ.

Twenty two children (22,4%) showed EEG abnormality which was not correlated

to clinical stage, onset and duration of ARV, and viral load. Clinical stage of HIV

showed significant association with verbal and FSIQ (p 0,042 and p 0,044). IQ

results did not have association with onset and duration of ARV and viral load.

Conclusion: HIV-infected children on ARV have abnormal mean IQ in verbal,

performance and FSIQ. Based on categorical IQ, most subjects have normal

verbal, performance, and FSIQ. Cohort study is needed to address whether early

ARV can preserve cognitive function., Introduction: Children with HIV infection are at high risk for developing

neurocognitive impairment because of central nervous system (CNS)

involvement. Prevalence of cognitive impairment is reported between 8%-62%.

Decreased viral load due to antiretroviral therapy (ARV) would prevent the

decrease of cognitive function. The aim of this study was to describe cognitive

function in HIV-infected children on ARV.

Method: We conducted cross sectional study of HIV-infected children aged 5-15

years. Wechsler intelligence scale for children IV (WISC-IV) was administered

for assessing cognitive function. Electroencephalograph was performed to prove

abnormalities caused by CNS involvement of HIV infection

Results: Ninety HIV-infected children with median age of 9 years had received

ARV for median of 69 months. The mean (SD) of verbal, performance, and full

scale IQ were 88,66 (SD 15,69), 85,30 (SD 15,35), and 85,73 (SD 15,61)

respectively. Sixty seven subjects (74,4%) had normal verbal IQ, 56 subjects

(62,2%) had normal performance IQ, and 58 subjects (64,4%) had normal FSIQ.

Twenty two children (22,4%) showed EEG abnormality which was not correlated

to clinical stage, onset and duration of ARV, and viral load. Clinical stage of HIV

showed significant association with verbal and FSIQ (p 0,042 and p 0,044). IQ

results did not have association with onset and duration of ARV and viral load.

Conclusion: HIV-infected children on ARV have abnormal mean IQ in verbal,

performance and FSIQ. Based on categorical IQ, most subjects have normal

verbal, performance, and FSIQ. Cohort study is needed to address whether early

ARV can preserve cognitive function.]"