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Abstrak :
Waktu Fonasi Maksimal (WFM) dapat mengevaluasi kemampuan seseorang dalam mempertahankan fonasi, yang penting untuk penyanyi paduan sura. Latihan aerobik dianggap vital dilakukan pada populasi ini, terutama karena komponen kebugarannya dan telah terbukti meningkatkan WFM pada pasien gagal jantung kronis. Penelitian bertujuan menentukan hubungan antara latihan aerobik akut dan waktu fonasi maksimal (WFM) pada populasi penyanyi paduan suara dewasa sehat sedenter.

Studi potong lintang dilakukan pada 27 penyanyi paduan suara dewasa sehat (16 laki-laki, 11 perempuan). Pengukuran WFM menggunakan aplikasi Praat^® dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah latihan aerobik 30 menit menggunakan sepeda statis komersil yang disambungkan dengan aplikasi Zwift^®.Peningkatan durasi WFM (18.37± 5.34 s to 21.04± 6.66 s, p = 0.008*) ditemukan setelah dilakukan latihan aerobik akut. Korelasi signifikan antara suara alto/sopran dan WFM (0.775**, p = 0.005), antara tekanan darah diastolik dan WFM (75.07± 10.33 mmHg to 79.85± 12.50 mmHg, p = 0.034*), serta denyut nadi dan WFM ditemukan (86.51± 11.64 beats/minute to 108.51± 18.22 beats/minute, p = <0.001*). Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara latihan aerobik akut dan suara alto/sopran dengan WFM pada penyanyi paduan suara sehat sedenter ......Background: Maximum Phonation Time (MPT) can assess an individual’s capability to sustain phonation, which is vital to choir singers. Aerobic exercise is considered important to execute in this population especially for its endurance component, and has proven to increase MPT in chronic heart failure patients. Study aimed to determine association between acute aerobic exercise and maximum phonation time (MPT) in healthy sedentary adult choir singers.

Cross-sectional study was conducted with 27 sedentary singers (16 males, 11 females; age range 23-54 years). Measurements of MPT using Praat^® were taken before and after 30-minute aerobic exercise using a static cycle connected to Zwift^®. Increased MPT duration (18.37± 5.34 s to 21.04± 6.66 s, p = 0.008*) was found after acute aerobic exercise. Significant correlation between alto/soprano voice and MPT (0.775**, p = 0.005), between diastolic blood pressure and MPT (75.07± 10.33 mmHg to 79.85± 12.50 mmHg, p = 0.034*), also heart rate and MPT were found (86.51± 11.64 beats/minute to 108.51± 18.22 beats/minute, p = <0.001*). Significant association found between acute aerobic exercise and alto/soprano voice with MPT in healthy sedentary adult choir singers.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: EE dan/atau latihan fisik dapat meningkatkan memori spasial dan menginduksi peningkatan ekspresi Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pada hipokampus tikus Wistar jantan usia 7 bulan. BDNF berikatan dengan reseptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) menyebabkan TrKB terfosforilasi, menghasilkan perekrutan protein yang mengaktifkan tiga kaskade transduksi sinyal. BDNF dapat meningkatkan kadar dan aktivitas reseptor NMDA sehingga terjadi perubahan jangka panjang pada aktivitas sinaps. Belum diketahui bagaimana pengaruh pemberian kombinasi EE dan latihan aerobik terhadap ekspresi pTrkB dan pNMDAR. Tujuan: Menganalisis ekspresi reseptor pTrkB dan ekspresi pNMDAR yang dipicu oleh persinyalan BDNF pada hipokampus tikus yang diberikan model EE dan/atau latihan fisik aerobik. Metode: Penelitian eksperimental menggunakan 24 tikus Wistar jantan usia 7 bulan, berat badan 250–350 gr, dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok: Kontrol (K), Aerobik (A) diberi latihan fisik 5x/mimggu treadmill kecepatan 20 m/menit 30 menit/hari, EE, dan kombinasi latihan fisik EE (AEE). Perlakuan diberikan selama 8 minggu dan dilakukan pengukuran ekpresi pTrkB dan pNMDAR dengan western blot, memori spasial diukur dengan forced alteration Y-maze. Hasil: Fosforilasi TrkB pada situs Tyr705 dan fosforilasi NMDA pada situs Tyr 1336 kelompok kombinasi lebih baik dari kontrol namun peningkatan tidak bermakna secara statistik. Fungsi memori spasial jangka pendek kelompok EE lebih baik daripada kelompok kontrol. Kesimpulan: EE kontinu dapat meningkatkan fungsi memori spasial jangka pendek tikus, kombinasi EE dan latihan aerobik cenderung meningkatkan pTrkB dan pNMDAR namun tidak bermakna secara statistik. ......Background: EE and/or aerobic exercise can improve spatial memory and induce increased expression of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats aged 7 months. BDNF binds to the tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) induce phosphorilating of TrKB, resulting the recruitment of a protein that activates three signal transduction cascades. BDNF can increase the levels and activity of the NMDA receptors, resulting in long-term changes in synaptic activity. The effect of combination of continuous EE and aerobic exercise on hippocampus pTrkB and pNMDAR expression is not yet known. Objective: To analyze pTrkB receptor expression and pNMDAR expression induced by BDNF signaling in the hippocampus of mice given EE models and / or aerobic exercise. Methods: Experimental study using 24 male Wistar rats aged 7 months, weight 250–350 gr, divided into 4 groups: Control (K), Aerobics (A) given 5x physical exercise/week with treadmill speed 20 m/min 30 minutes/day, EE, combination of physical exercise and EE (AEE). Treatment was administered for 8 weeks and the phosphorylation of TrkB and NMDA receptors measured with Western blot, spatial memory measured by forced alteration of Y-maze. Result:The combination group of TrkB phosphorylation at Tyr705 site and NMDA phosphorylation at the Tyr 1336 site were better than the control group but the increase was not statistically significant. The EE group's short-term spatial memory function was better than the control group. Conclusion: Continuous EE can improve mouse short-term spatial memory function, combination of EE and aerobic exercise tends to increase pTrkB and pNMDAR but not statistically significant.

Abstrak :
adalah salah satu penyebab penurunan performa fisik pada seseorang yang melakukan program latihan fisik jangka panjang. Kondisi overtraining dihubungkan dengan gangguan dalam regenerasi sel tubuh. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) adalah protein yang menstimulasi pertumbuhan dan proliferasi sel. IGF-I bekerja dalam regulasi aksis GH/IGF, dimana kerja IGF dipengaruhi oleh growth hormone (GH) dan insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui respons tubuh terhadap latihan fisik aerobik overtraining dengan menganalisa kadar GH, IGF-I, dan IGFBP-3, mengingat hormon dan protein ini berperan dalam regenerasi sel tubuh, khususnya otot rangka. Subjek penelitian adalah 19 ekor tikus putih jantan galur Wistar (berusia 8-10 minggu, berat 150-250 gr) yang dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok (satu kelompok kontrol dan dua kelompok yaitu kelompok aerobik dan kelompok aerobik overtraining yang diberikan perlakuan masing-masing selama 11 minggu). Perlakuan latihan fisik aerobik dan aerobik overtraining dilakukan dengan Animal treadmill L-6000 sebanyak lima hari dalam seminggu. Setelah hari terakhir perlakuan, seluruh hewan coba dikorbankan. Serum darah diambil dengan cara pungsi jantung. Kadar GH, IGF-I, dan IGFBP-3 dalam serum diukur dengan metode ELISA dan data hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan one way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Post Hoc. Hasil pemeriksaan ELISA menunjukkan kadar IGFBP-3 yang lebih rendah secara signifikan pada kelompok aerobik overtraining dibandingkan dengan kelompok aerobik, sementara tidak ada perbedaan kadar GH dan IGF-I pada ketiga kelompok. Kadar IGFBP-3 dalam serum dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai penanda biologis kondisi overtraining. ......Overtraining is one of the causes of decline in physical performance in long-term physical exercise program. Overtraining is associated with impaired regeneration of body cells. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a stimulator of cell growth and proliferation. IGF act based on the GH/IGF axis, which mean IGF-I act is regulated by growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). This study purpose is to determine the body's response to aerobic overtraining exercise by analyzing the levels of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) as those hormone and proteins play a role in the regeneration of body cells, especially skeletal muscle cells. Subjects were 19 white male rats of the Wistar strain (8-10 weeks old, weight: 150-250 g) were divided into 3 groups (one control group and two groups of aerobic and aerobic overtraining group both were given treatment for 11 weeks). Aerobic exercise and aerobic overtraining exercise treatment were conducted five days a week using Animal treadmill L-6000. After the last day of treatment, all experimental animals were sacrificed. Blood serum collected by cardiac puncture. Levels of GH, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in serum were measured by ELISA. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc test. ELISA results showed significant lower levels of IGFBP-3 in aerobic overtraining group compared to the aerobic group, while there was no difference in the levels of GH and IGF-I in all groups. IGFBP-3 levels in the serum may be a suitable as biological markers for overtraining condition.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Paparan environmental enrichment EE memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap fungsi otak, salah satunya memperbaiki fungsi kognisi. EE memiliki berbagai aspek seperti interaksi sosial, stimulasi objek, dan aktivitas fisik. Latihan fisik aerobik dan EE dianggap dapat memperbaiki fungsi kognisi melalui mekanisme yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan pengaruh latihan fisik aerobik A , model EE, dan kombinasi model EE disertai latihan fisik aerobik EEA terhadap fungsi memori spasial. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental in vivo pada tikus wistar jantan usia enam bulan yang diberikan latihan fisik aerobik, model EE, dan kombinasi model EE disertai latihan fisik aerobik selama enam minggu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan fungsi memori spasial antar kelompok perlakuan yang ditinjau dari waktu tempuh dan jumlah kesalahan. Akan tetapi, berdasarkan kajian ekspresi protein, model EE lebih cepat dalam meningkatkan neuroplastisitas daripada latihan aerobik saja bahkan model EE saja tidak berbeda dengan kombinasi model EE disertai latihan fisik aerobik pada ekspresi protein SYP, subunit GluR1 AMPAR, dan PSD-95.. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa model EE sudah cukup baik dalam meningkatkan neuroplastisitas. Dengan demikian, stimulus yang lebih kompleks seperti model EE dapat digunakan sebagai metode dalam pencegahan demensia sejak dini.

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ABSTRACT
Exposure to environmental enrichment EE has a positive effects on brain function, including improved cognition through increased neuroplasticity. This study aimed to directly differentiate between the effects of enriched environment EE , aerobic exercise A , and the combination of enrichment and aerobic exercise EEA on spatial memory and neuroplasticity. A six week in vivo experimental study on twenty 6 month old male Wistar rats were housed under isolation, aerobic exercise, enrichment, and enrichment plus aerobic exercise. Spatial memory was tested by using water E maze WEM in terms of time travelled and total errors. Neuroplasticity was seen by comparing the expression of synaptophysin, AMPAR GluR1 subunit, and PSD 95. The results showed no differences in time travelled and errors for all groups. Enriched group is faster in improving the expression of the SYP, AMPAR GluR1 subunit, and PSD 95 than aerobic group. The expression of SYP, AMPAR GluR1subunit, and PSD 95 on enriched group are no different from the combination group. These results suggest that the EE model is better at improving neuroplasticity than aerobic exercise and compared to EE models, the combination of EE with aerobic exercise is no better in improving neuroplasticity.