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Abstrak :
Staphylococcus aureus merupakan bakteri Gram positif yang berbentuk bulat, tersusun seperti anggur, serta bersifat patogen oportunisik. Pemberian antibiotik methicillin yang berlebihan dapat menyebabkan munculnya Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Penanda resistan pada MRSA antara lain, gen mecA dan femA. Strain MRSA dapat terbagi menjadi tiga kelompok berdasarkan tipe kaset kromosom mec (SCCmec), yaitu Healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), Community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA), dan Livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). Penyebaran dari MRSA yang terjadi di komunitas dapat terjadi di pasar burung dan menjadi sumber dari penyakit zoonotik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeteksi keberadaan dari gen mecA dan femA pada Staphylococcus aureus yang diisolasi dari lingkungan pasar burung. Pendeteksian MRSA dilakukan dengan mengisolasi bakteri dari udara di Pasar Burung Pramuka menggunakan metode settle plate pada medium selektif diferensial MSA. Isolat-isolat yang memberi warna kuning pada medium MSA kemudian dianalisis molekuler menggunakan multiplex PCR. Primer penanda gen yang digunakan yaitu STPY (257 bp), mecA (297 bp), dan femA (454 bp). Terdapat 15 isolat positif Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci (MRS), yang terdiri dari 14 isolat MRSA dan 1 isolat S. aureus (MRnSA). Hasil sekuens dari PCR isolat MRnSA menggunakan primer 16S rRNA universal menunjukkan spesies Staphylococcus saprophyticus. ......Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, round-shaped arranged resembling grapes, and considered as an opportunistic pathogen. Excessive administration of antibiotic methicillin can lead to emergence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Resistant markers in MRSA, is mecA and femA genes. Strains of MRSA can be classified into three groups based on the type of chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec), namely Healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), Community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA), and Livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). Spread of MRSA in communities can occur in bird markets and serve as a source of zoonotic diseases. Aim of this study is to detect the presence of the mecA and femA genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the bird market environment. Detection of MRSA performed by isolating bacteria from air at Pramuka Bird Market used settle plate method on selective differential medium MSA. Isolates that exhibited a yellow color on MSA medium were then molecularly analyzed using multiplex PCR. Marker gene primers used were STPY (257 bp), mecA (297 bp), and femA (454 bp). There were 15 positive isolates of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci (MRS), comprising 14 MRSA isolates and 1 non-S. aureus isolate (MRnSA). The sequencing results of the PCR isolate MRnSA using 16S rRNA univesal primers indicated the species Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

Abstrak :
Staphylococcus aureus merupakan salah satu bakteri yang menyebabkan penyakit pada manusia. Penggunaan antibiotik penicillin dan methicillin yang tidak bijaksana dapat menyebabkan timbulnya Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Keberadaan MRSA pada hewan unggas ayam, dikhawatirkan akan menjadi agen zoonosis yang secara tidak langsung menyebar melalui udara ke komunitas masyarakat. Hal tersebut memerlukan perhatian lebih. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendeteksi gen resistan mecA dan femA pada S. aureus dari udara tempat penjual ayam di pasar tradisional Depok. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengisolasi bakteri dari udara di 3 pasar Kota Depok menggunakan metode settle plate pada medium mannitol salt agar. Isolat yang mengubah warna medium menjadi kuning akan dilakukan pendeteksian gen STPY (257 bp), mecA (297 bp), dan femA (454 bp) menggunakan multiplex PCR. Isolat yang tidak terdeteksi gen STPY, tetapi memiliki gen resistan, diamplifikasi dengan gen 16s rRNA universal dan dilanjutkan dengan analisis urutan nukleotida. Hasil penelitian didapatkan 20 isolat MRSA dan 5 isolat MRnSA, yaitu S. gallinarum, S. saprophyticus, dan S. cohnii. Metode settle plate terbukti dapat digunakan untuk mengisolasi MRSA dan MRnSA. Dengan terdeteksi MRSA dan MRnSA di udara pasar tradisional maka perlu dilakukan upaya mitigasi untuk mencegah penularan dan peningkatan berbagai risiko kesehatan. ......Staphylococcus aureus is one of the bacteria that causes diseases in humans. The indiscriminate use of penicillin and methicillin can lead to the emergence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The presence of MRSA in poultry, particularly chickens, is a concern as it may become a zoonotic agent indirectly spreading through the air to the community. This requires greater attention. The research objective is to detect the mecA and femA genes in S. aureus from the air at Depok traditional market chicken sellers. The study involved isolating bacteria from the air in three markets in Depok using the settle plate method on mannitol salt agar medium. Isolates that change the color of the medium to yellow will undergo detection of the STPY (257 bp), mecA (297 bp), and femA (454 bp) genes using multiplex PCR. Isolates that don’t detect STPY gene but have resistant genes will be amplified with the universal 16s rRNA gene and further analyzed for nucleotide sequence. The research results revealed 20 MRSA isolates and 5 MRnSA isolates, namely S. gallinarum, S. saprophyticus, and S. cohnii. The settle plate method has proven to be useful for isolating MRSA and MRnSA. With the detection of MRSA and MRnSA in the air of traditional markets, mitigation efforts are needed to prevent transmission and reduce various health risks.

Abstrak :
There are some parameters that identify the quantity of air i.e. dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, humidity ratio, relative humidity, and dew point temperature. These parameters can be used to construct a new formula in order to determine the effectiveness of air processing equipment When air passes through an evaporative pad its dry bulb temperature will decrease. it can be lowered to 5°C, when its wet bulb temperature is maintained constant. Due to the air temperature is higher than the water temperature, so then the heat will flow from the air to water. U' the temperature of flow air assumed remain constant, this hear is to be used to evaporate the water drops. So, it is caused increasing of the air humidity ratio. This research found out that the humidity ratio increased until 2. 22-gram water/ kg dry air.