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"Aterosklerosis sampai saat ini merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas di negara maju. Meskipun modifikasi faktor risiko di negara maju telah dapat menurunkan kekerapan aterosklerosis namun penurunan ini mulai menunjukkan grafik yang mendatar. Keadaan ini merangsang para peneliti untuk mencari faktor pajanan lingkungan termasuk faktor infeksi yang dapat mempengaruhi proses aterosklerosis. Telah dilakukan penelitian potong lintang dari bulan Maret 1998 sampai Agustus 1998 terhadap 122 orang pasien yang secara klinis menunjukkan penyakit jantung koroner yang menjalani kateterisasi jantung, terdiri dari 92 orang laki-laki dan 30 orang perempuan dengan rerata umur 55 tahun. Pasien diperiksa secara klinis dan laboratorium (gula darah, kolesterol, trigliserida dan antibodi terhadap C.pneumoniae, Cytomegalovirus dan H.pylori). Pada penelitian ini didapatkan perbedaan kadar kolesterol, trigliserida dan HDL antara kelompok stenosis koroner dan non stenosis. Sedangkan kadar antibodi C.pneumoniae, Cytomegalovirus, H.pylori tidak berbeda bermakna. Penelitian ini belum dapat menyimpulkan pengaruh antibodi terhadap aterosklerosis karena pada kelompok non stenosis tidak dapat disingkirkan kemungkinan terjadinya aterosklerosis mengingat rerata umur subyek penelitian 55 tahun. Penelitian mengenai interaksi infeksi dengan risiko tradisional serta gender dan nutrisi diperlukan untuk mendapat jawaban yang lebih jelas tentang pengaruh infeksi terhadap aterosklerosis. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 211-4)

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Atherosclerosis is still the chief cause of morbidity and mortality in developed nations. Even though in developed nations the modification of risk factors is able to reduce the prevalence rate of atherosclerosis, such reduction is starting to slow down. Such condition has stimulated researchers to identify environmental exposure, including infection, that can influence the process of atherosclerosis. This cross sectional study was conducted from March to August 1998, on 122 patients that clinically demonstrate coronary heart disease and have underwent cardiac catheterization, 92 males and 30 females with an average age of 55 years. Patients undergo clinical and laboratory evaluation (blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, and antibody for C.pneumoniae. Cytomegalovirus, and H.pylori). We found a significant difference in cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL levels in those with coronary stenosis and those without. However, we did not find a significant difference in the levels of C.pneumoniae, Cytomegalovirus, and H.pylori antibodies. This study is unable to conclude the influence of these antibodies on atherosclerosis, since in the non-stenosis group, we cannot eliminate the possibility of atherosclerosis, since the average age of study subject is 55 years. Studies on the interaction between infection and traditional risk factors as well as gender and nutrition is needed to find a clear answer of the influence of infection in atherosclerosis. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 211-4)"

"Introduction: The most common cause of the peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is atherosclerosis. PAD is associated with other atherosclerotic diseases such as renal artery stenosis (RAS). Life expectancy decreases in patients with RAS, especially those whose stenosis is above 60% but has not reached the stage of chronic kidney failure. This study aims to determine the prevalence of RAS in PAD patients, the relationship between angiographic scoring system (ANGIO Score), history of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus with the degree of RAS. Method: This research was a cross-sectional study conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from February to May 2019. Patients with a diagnosis of lower extremity PAD and had been assessed with CT angiography examination, were included in this study. The degree of RAS and ANGIO Score were calculated. Sampling was done by the total sampling method. Results Most patients were women 33 (50.8%), while men were 32 (49.2%). 90.8% of the patients had diabetes, while 61.5% of the sample had hypertension. Grade 1 RAS was the most found. There was no correlation between ANGIO Score on age, sex, and diabetes mellitus, but there was a significant relationship with hypertension. There was a relationship between RAS with age and hypertension, but there was no relationship with diabetes mellitus and gender. ANGIO Score and RAS had a significant relationship (p <0.001). Conclusion: There was a relationship between the ANGIO Score and the severity of RAS. The cut-off score of 9 for the ANGIO Score had a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 61.4% for predicting RAS."

"Pada era modern ini, terdapat perubahan drastic dalam pola makan sehari-hari. Kebanyakan orang cenderung mengkonsumsi lebih banyak makanan siap saji dan minuman dengan pemanis rasa karena kepraktisan dan harga yang relatif murah dengan rasa yang cukup memuaskan. Makanan dan minuman tersebut mengandung banyak gula dan minyak yang kemungkinan dapat menyebabkan berbagai kelainan dalam tubuh terutama di hati. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji akibat dari konsumsi gula dan minyak yang berlebihan terhadap kadar glukosa dan kolesterol dalam darah serta perubahan yang terjadi pada hati. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metoda eksperimental dengan menggunakan dua puluh tikus jenis Sprague Dawley dibagi menjadi 4 grup; 2 kontrol dan 2 terapi. Subjek kemudian dicekok dengan 5 ml gula atau minyak secara bergantian setiap 2 hari. Data yang dikumpulkan termasuk kadar glukosa dan kolesterol darah yg diambil 3 hari sekali serta persentase lemak dalam hati dan penebalan dinding pembuluh darah. Setelah 1 bulan intervensi, grup terapi 1 menunjukkan penaikkan yang signifikan pada kadar glukosa, kolesterol, persentase deposisi lemak dan jumlah penebalan pembuluh darah (p<0.05). Hasil yang serupa juga didapatkan untuk kadar glukosa dan kolesterol pada grup terapi 2. Namun, pada grup ini, hasil persentase deposisi lemak dan jumlah penebalan pembuluh darah tidak signifikan (p>0.05). Walaupun terdapat peningkatan pada kadar glukosa dan kolesterol, peningkatan tersebut masih dalam batas normal. Peningkatan yang signifikan pada kadar lemak hati dan penebalan pembuluh darah dapat menyebabkan perlemakan hati dan atherosklerosis.

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Global modernization has induced remarkable changes in eating pattern. People nowadays tend to consume more fast food and sweetened beverages as they are convenience and widely available, less time and money consuming with satisfactory tastes. These foods as well as beverages usually contain high amount sugar and fat that have effects on the body including liver. This study was conducted to explore the effects of extensive intake of sugar and fat on blood glucose and cholesterol level as well as changes in liver. Research was conducted with experimental method using twenty Sprague Dawley rats which were divided into 4 groups; 2 controls and 2 treatments. Rats were given 5 ml sugar or lard alternatively every 2 consecutive days for 1-month and 2-month respectively. Data retrieved include blood glucose and cholesterol level taken every 3 days as well as fatty liver percentage and blood vessel thickening after intervention through HE staining. After 1-month intervention, treatment group1 has significant increase in blood glucose, blood cholesterol level, percentage of fatty liver and number of thickened blood vessels (p<0.05). Likewise, 2-month intervention group also reported increase in blood glucose level and blood cholesterol level (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in fatty liver percentages and blood vessels thickening in the 2-month group (p>0.05). Although there were increases in blood glucose and cholesterol level, these increases were still within normal limits. Fat deposition and amount of thickened blood vessels were significantly increased after intervention that may progress to hepatic steatosis and atherosclerosis. "

"Latar belakang: Kejadian aterosklerosis pada pasien artritis reumatoid (AR) dilaporkan semakin lama semakin meningkat. Penyebab aterosklerosis pada AR tidak hanya disebabkan oleh faktor risiko tradisional, akan tetapi antibodi anti-CCP yang merupakan autoantibodi spesifik pada AR juga berperan dalam patogenesis aterosklerosis. Data prevalensi aterosklerosis dan penelitian mengenai hubungan antara antibodi anti-CCP dengan aterosklerosis belum pernah dilakukan pada populasi pasien AR di Indonesia. Tujuan: Mengetahui prevalensi aterosklerosis pada pasien AR dan menentukan asosiasi antara antibodi anti-CCP dengan aterosklerosis pada pasien AR. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dan pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode consecutive. Subjek penelitian adalah pasien AR dewasa berusia diatas 18 tahun yang didiagnosis sesuai kriteria ACR/ EULAR 2010 yang datang berobat ke Poliklinik Reumatologi RSCM pada bulan September 2012 sampai Maret 2013. Antibodi anti-CCP diperiksa dengan metode ELISA. Adanya aterosklerosis ditentukan melalui pemeriksaan USG karotis bilateral yang dilakukan oleh satu orang operator dan tidak mengetahui latar belakang klinis pasien. Hubungan antara anti-CCP dengan aterosklerosis dinilai dengan menghitung crude odds ratio (OR) disertai interval kepercayaan (IK) 95%-nya. Peran variabel perancu dinilai dengan menggunakan analisis regresi logistik untuk mendapatkan adjusted OR. Hasil: Dari 86 subjek penelitian didapatkan 90,7% berjenis kelamin perempuan dengan median usia 49,5 (rentang 20 sampai 70) tahun. Prevalensi aterosklerosis didapatkan sebesar 50% (IK95% 0,39 – 0,61). Proporsi aterosklerosis pada kelompok subjek dengan antibodi anti-CCP positif (51,5%) tidak jauh berbeda dengan kelompok antibodi anti-CCP negatif (49,1%). Setelah disesuaikan dengan beberapa variabel perancu, tidak didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara antibodi anti-CCP dengan aterosklerosis (adjusted OR 1,197; IK95% 0,43 - 3,29). Simpulan: Prevalensi aterosklerosis pada pasien AR sebesar 50% (IK95% 0,39 - 0,61). Tidak didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara antibodi anti-CCP dengan aterosklerosis pada pasien AR.

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Background: Atherosclerosis is markedly increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Traditional risk factors not only account for atherosclerosis but also autoantibodies in RA especially anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP) is the one of autoantibody highly specific for RA play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, in Indonesia there was no data regarding the prevalence of atherosclerosis in RA patients.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to described the prevalence of atherosclerosis and to determine the association of anti-CCP antibodies with atherosclerosis in RA patients.

Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Rheumatology outpatient clinic Department of Internal Medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital with consecutive sampling. Study subjects were recruited from September 2012 to March 2013 that RA patients diagnosed according to American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/ European League Againts Rheumatism/ (EULAR) 2010 criteria. Anti-CCP antibodies was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) test. Carotid intima-media thickness represent of atherosclerosis was measured by using Ultrasound (USG B-mode) and it was done by one independent operator without knowing clinical background of the patients. Association of anti-CCP with atherosclerosis was performed by chi-square test in order to get crude odds ratio (OR) with CI95% and logistic regression test was assigned to obtain adjusted OR.

Results: Out of eighty six RA patients aged 20 to 70 years old revealed in this study with median age 49.5 years and female gender as the commonest (90.7%). Fourty three (50%; CI95% 0.39 to 0.61) RA patients had carotid atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis in RA patients with anti-CCP positive was seen in 51.5% and 49.1% in anti-CCP negative. After a set of adjustment towards the confounding factors, there was no significant association between anti-CCP antibodies and atherosclerosis (adjusted OR 1.197; CI95% 0.43 to 3.29).

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the prevalence of atherosclerosis in RA patient is 50% (CI95% 0.39 to 0.61). The role of anti-CCP antibodies and atherosclerosis in patients with RA did not hold in this study."

"Latar Belakang. Proses aterosklerosis menjadi penyebab kematian dan morbiditas utama dan berkaitan dengan penyakit jantung koroner (PJK) yang merupakan implikasi klinis proses aterosklerosis. Hipertensi dan dislipidemia menjadi salah satu faktor risiko proses aterosklerosis. Pemeriksaan ketebalan intima-media karotis (KIMK) dapat menjadi prediktor gangguan kardiovaskuler di kemudian hari. Studi Framingham merupakan penelitian yang memprediksi PJK dengan menggunakan kategori faktor risiko dan telah digunakan secara luas pada populasi yang berbeda. Populasi yang berbeda belum tentu memberikan perbedaan hasil analisis terhadap faktor risiko aterosklerosis.Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat hubungan rasio LDL-HDL dengan plak karotis pada populasi hipertensi di Mlati, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.Metode. Ini adalah penelitian potong lintang. Data dianalisis menggunakan regresi logistik dengan melihat besar dari nilai rasio odds (odds ratio, OR) 95% interval kepercayaan (confidence interval, CI), dan nilai p.Hasil. Subyek penelitian sebanyak 115 orang terdiri atas 56 (48,7%) laki-laki dan 59 (51,3%) perempuan dengan rerata usia 47,61±7,92 tahun. Jenis kelamin laki-laki yang memiliki KIMK ≥ 1,5 mm lebih banyak dengan proporsi 0,72±0,46 (95% CI 0,57-0,87 ; p=0,0003). Kemungkinan kejadian plak meningkat pada quartile rasio LDL-HDL kolesterol yang lebih besar. Analisis quartile >75% terhadap kejadian plak dibandingkan quartile lebih rendah memberikan OR 4,15 (95% CI 1,74-9,89; p=0,001) dan setelah disesuaikan tetap menunjukkan kemungkinan kejadian plak lebih besar (OR 3,95; 95% CI 1,39-11,22; p=0,01). Didapatkan area under curve 0,8262.

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Background. Atherosclerosis had become main problem in mortality and morbidity and related with coronary heart disease as a clinical implication of atherosclerosis process. Hypertension and dyslipidemia had become risk factors for atherosclerosis process. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measurement could be a predictor for future cardiovascular disease. Framingham study was an experiment that predicted coronary heart disease using risk factor categories and had been used widely in many regions in the world with various population. A different population might not always give different result related with atherosclerosis process.

Aim of study. To see the relaionship of LDL-HDL ratio with carotid plaque among hypertensive population in Mlati, Sleman, DIY.

Method. This is a cross-sectional syudy. Data were analyzed with logistic regression by seeing odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and p value.

Result. There were 115 subjects in this experiment with 56 (48,7%) male and 50 (51,3%) female with age rate was 47,61±7,92 years old. Male subjects with CIMT value ≥1,5 mm were higher than female with proportion of 0,72±0,46 (95% CI 0,57- 0,87; p=0,0003). The possibility of plaque increased in subjects with higher LDL- HDL ratio. Analyzis of >75% quartile compared with lower quartile gave OR 4,15 (95% CI 1,74-9,89; p=0,001) and after being adjusted still gave higher possibility of plaque (OR 3,95; 95% CI 1,39-11,22; p=0,01). Area under curve was 0,8262."

"Pendahuluan: Etiopatologi aterosklerosis terkait dengan pencemaran lingkungan dan telah menjadi bukti yang mendasar dari studi epidemiologi. Zat karsinogenik Benzo[ a] pyrene (B[a]P), satu dari kontaminan lingkungan merupakan faktor risiko untuk aterosklerosis dan kerusakan DNA. Kemampuan dari polutan tersebut mendasari perkembangan penyakit dengan cara mengubah pola ekspresi gen seperti CYP1A1*2A dan GSTM1. Penelitian cross- sectional ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efek hubungan antara genetika dan lingkungan yang secara bersamasama (interaksi) berperan pada munculnya risiko aterosklerosis dan kerusakan DNA. Metodologi: Pemetaan gen menggunakan metoda PCR - RFLP dan multipleks digunakan untuk mengamati gen yang berperan dalam biotransformasi B[a]P serta hubungannya dengan aterosklerosis dan kerusakan DNA. Metoda ELISA menganalisis variabel dependen yaitu oksidasi - LDL (Ox-LDL ) sebagai biomarker status plak aterosklerosis sementara 8 - hidroksi - '2 - deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) sebagai biomarker kerusakan DNA dan metabolit B[a]P menggunakan Ultralight Performance Chromatography Mass - Spektrofotometri (UPLC-MS/MS) untuk mengevaluasi dampak pada 151 petugas penjaga pintu gerbang tol di Jakarta. Analisa Cox Regresi yang terkondisikan (conditional Cox resression) multivariat menganalisis hubungan antara faktor genetik,pajanan lingkungan B[a]P, demografi , gaya hidup dan latar belakang pekerjaan dengan aterosklerosis dan kerusakan DNA. Besaran Interaksi (ICR) digunakan untuk mengukur efek yang dihasilkan dari faktor genetik dan pajanan lingkungan dalam skala aditif, yang secara bersama-sama memunculkan risiko aterosklerosis dan kerusakan DNA. Hasil: Ditemukan interaksi CYP1A1-B[a]P berhubungan positif terhadap ateroskelrosis (Ox-LDL) (ICRPR= 0,09) dalam skala aditif dibawah model multiplikatif. Diperoleh efek interaksi positif (ICR>0) dalam skala aditif dibawah bentuk multiplikatif antara GSTM1? B[a]P (ICR-PR=0,09) pada risiko kerusakan DNA. Pengukuran interaksi genetik dan lingkungan dalam skala aditif lebih mendekati kepentingan kesehatan masyarakat.

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Introduction: The etiopathology of atherosclerosis is linked in part to environmental pollution has become a substantial evidence from epidemiological studies. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), as one of carcinogenic substances from environmental contaminants is risk factors for atherosclerosis and DNA damage due to it?s mechanism may exacerbate an underlying disease by altering gene expression such as CYP1A1*2A and GSTM1. This cross-sectional study aimed to observe the interaction between genetics and environmental jointly risk factors that play in role in causation of atherosclerosis and DNA damage.

Methodology: PCR-RFLP and multiplex genotyping used to observed genes that play inrole of biotransformation of B[a]P induced in disseases association with atherosclerosis while the ELISA analyse for oxidized-LDL (Ox-LDL) observed plaque status in atherosclerosis among 151 respondents of tol gate workers in Jakarta. Ultralight Performance Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (UPLC-MS) determine both 8-hydroxy-?2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) observed DNA damage and 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) was performed to observe impact of BaP. Multivariate conditional Cox? regression was analyzed the association between genetics patern, demographic , life style and occupational background with atherosclerosis and DNA damage. The Interaction Contrasts Ratio (ICR) evaluated the efect risen from interaction.

Result: The estimated interaction contrast ratio (ICR) was 0,09 in additive scale under multiplicative model (ICR > 0) between CYP1A1 and B[a]P on the risk of atherosclerosis. Additive interaction under multiplicative model between GSTM1 and B[a]P, with ICR 0,09 on the risk of DNA Damage.Interaction between gene-environment in additive scale is more appropriate for public health interest."

"Latar Belakang: Aterosklerosis dan penyakit kardiovaskular merupakan penyebab utama meningkatnya morbiditas dan mortalitas penderita artritis reumatoid (AR) Pemeriksaan ketebalan intima media (KIM) arteri karotis dengan ultrasonografi B-mode merupakan surrogate marker aterosklerosis dan penyakit kardiovaskular. Metode: Dilakukan penelitian potong lintang pada 86 subyek penderita AR yang memenuhi kriteria EULAR/ACR 2010 yang berobat di Poliklinik Reumatologi Penyakit Dalam FKUI/RSCM. Aterosklerosis didefinisikan jika ditemukan pada pemeriksaan ultrasonografi KIM ≥ 1,0 mm pada salah satu : a. karotis komunis, a. karotis interna atau bulbus karotis sisi kanan atau kiri. Plak aterosklerosis didefinisikan jika didapatkan abnormalitas pada tebal KIM, bentuk dan atau tekstur dinding arteri. Hasil: Aterosklerosis dan plak aterosklerosis masing-masing didapatkan pada 47 subyek (47,7%) dan 25 subyek (29,0%).Usia ≥ 40 tahun, adanya hipertensi, lama sakit ≥ 24 bulan pada analisis multivariat mempergunakan regresi logistik didapatkan berhubungan bermakna dengan aterosklerosis dengan RO (95%KI) masing-masing 10,70 (2,93-39,10), 4,99 (1,15-21,61) dan 3,66 (1,11-11,99). Adanya hipertensi, adanya anti-CCP dan usia ≥40 tahun berhubungan bermakna dengan plak aterosklerosis dengan RO (95%KI) masing-masing 3,96 (1,15-13,57), 3,20 (1,11-9,24) dan 3,61 (1,03-12,63). Kesimpulan: Proporsi aterosklerosis dan plak aterosklerosis masing-masing didapatkan 47,7 % dan 29 %. Usia ≥ 40 tahun, adanya hipertensi dan lama sakit ≥ 24 bulan berturut-urut merupakan prediktor adanya aterosklerosis sementara adanya hipertensi, antibodi anti-CCP dan usia ≥ 40 tahun merupakan prediktor adanya plak aterosklerosis.

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Background: Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases have been known as the cause of increasing mortality among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) measurement by B-mode ultrasound have been used as surrogate marker of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.

Method: A cross sectional study involving 86 RA patients fulfill EULAR/ACR 2010 critera was conducted at Rheumatology Clinic FMUI/Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. CIMT examinations were perform at right and left side of carotid artery. Atherosclerosis was define if we found CIMT ≥ 1,0 mm at one of CCA, or ICA or carotid sinus. Plaque atherosclerosis presence if 1 of the following 3 criteria were met: abnormal wall thickness, abnormal shape, and abnormal wall texture.

Result: Atherosclerosis and plaque was found in 47,7% and 29 % of patients. Age ≥ 40 years old, hypertension and duration of illness ≥ 24 months were associated with atherosclerosis in multivariate logistic regression analysis with OR (95%CI) 10.70 (2.93-39.10), 4.99 (1.15-21.61) and 3.66 (1.11-11.99) respectively. Whereas hypertension, presence of anti-CCP antibody and age ≥ 40 years old, were associated with plaque formation with OR (95%CI) 3.96 (1.15-13.57), 3.20 (1.11-9.24) and 3.61 (1.03-12.63) respectively.

Conclusion: Proportion of atherosclerosis and plaque atherosclerosis were 47.7% and 29%. Age ≥ 40 years old, hypertension and duration of illness ≥ 24 months was the predictors of atherosclerosis, while hypertension, presence of anti-CCP antibody and age ≥ 40 years old was the predictors of plaque atherosclerosis."

"Buku yang berjudul "Terapi kelasi pada aterosklerosis" ini membahas tentang patogenensis aterosklerosis, hemorelogi, dann farmakologi."

"Mencegah proses aterosklerosis dengan membiasakan tidak merokok/stop merokok disertai olahraga teratur dan/atau pengaruh kerja fisik (trias SOK) adalah upaya preventif di masyarakat. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh trias SOK terhadap daya survival, dilakukan penelitian kohort historis pada sampel MONICA 1988 di tiga kecamatan Jakarta Selatan, serta diikuti sampai 31 Agustus 2001. Sampel dibagi menjadi kelompok trias SOK dan tanpa trias SOK. Dilakukan wawancara faktor risiko (merokok, hipertensi, hiperlipidemia, diabetes, obesitas), pemeriksaan fisik, laboratorium dan perekaman EKG. Otopsi verbal untuk mencari sebab kematian. Aktivitas fisik dikelompokkan pada: tidak ada, ringan hampir setiap hari, sedang dan berat minimal 20 menit dua kali atau lebih. Analisis statistik: regresi Cox, Kaplan Meier, Log rank, uji kappa, batas kemaknaan p<0,05. Terdapat 479 (23,4%) sampel dari 2073 orang, umur 25?64 tahun (1988), terdiri dari 209 (43,6%) lelaki, 270 (56,4%) perempuan. Insiden kardiovaskular 1,2% pertahun, proporsi kematian penyakit jantung 42,9%. Daya survival sampel trias SOK lebih baik (95,7%) dibanding tanpa trias SOK (81,1%), (HR 0,20, 95% IK 0,08?0,57, p=0,002]. Aktivitas fisik mempunyai rasio kematian rendah [ringan HR 0,45, IK 0,27?0,76, p=0,003), sedang (HR 0,32, IK 0,15?0,70, p=0,004) dan berat nol] dibanding tidak ada.Rasio kematian merokok tinggi (HR 4.99,KI 2.56?9.73, p=0,000), Dihasilkan Skor Kardiovaskular Jakarta, Skor ?7 sampai 1 risiko rendah (<10%), skor 2 sampai 4 sedang (10?20%), skor ³ 5 risiko tinggi (>20%). Upaya pencegahan penyakit kardiovaskular dengan cara tidak/stop merokok, dikombinasikan dengan olahraga teratur dan/atau kerja fisik merupakan cara tepat untuk meningkatkan daya survival. Dihasilkan Skor Kardiovaskular Jakarta untuk memprakirakan kematian kardiovaskular di masyarakat. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 230-41)

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Preventing atherosclerosis with smoking cessation, regular physical exercise and/or physical activity known as SOK (S-top/ no S-moking, sp-O-rt/ physical exercise, wor-K/ physical activity) is a simple preventive measure, which can be applied in the community. To determine the role of SOK on survival, to create cardiovascular risk score for Indonesian patients and to have a special formula to predict survival. A historical cohort study over thirteen years recruited from the subpopulation MONICA patients who resided at three districts of South Jakarta. Patients were divided into two groups, those with SOK and those without (non-SOK group). Assessment included complete history including cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetic, hyperlipidemia, obesity), physical examination, laboratory examination, twelve-lead ECG recording and level of physical activity/exercise. Outcomes included survival rate and all-cause of mortality. Statistical analysis included kappa statistic and various survival analyses. 479 participants were included in the SOK study. Mean age 46 years (range 25-64), 56% female. Cardiovascular mortality rate (including stroke) was 1.2% per year and 42.9% of mortality caused by heart disease. Survival rate was higher in SOK group compared with non-SOK (95.7% vs 81.1%) with Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.2 for SOK group (95% CI 0.08-0.57, p=0.002) In relation to the cardiovascular mortality rate: 1) any physical activity/exercise (OK) vs no-OK will lower the risk; low-OK (HR 0.4, p=0.003), medium-OK (HR 0.32, p=0.004), high-OK (HR 0.000, p=0.000) 2) Smoking will increase the risk vs non-smoking (HR 4.99, p=0,000). For predicting the cardiovascular events in ten-year time (CV10), we formulated the Jakarta Cardiovascular Score. The score was divided into low-risk (-7-1) with CV10 <10%, average-risk (2-4) with CV10 = 10-20%, high-risk (score > 5) with CV10 >20%. Smoking cessation, regular physical exercise and/or physical activity is an effective method to reduce cardiovascular death, thus enhances the survival. We formulated a simple method to predict cardiovascular events in our community known as the Jakarta Cardiovascular Score. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 230-41)"

"Aterosklerosis merupakan penyakit yang mematikan berupa penebalan dinding dan penyempitan lumen arteri yang disebabkan karena tingginya kolesterol dalam darah. Penanganan aterosklerosis secara modern menggunakan obat–obatan sintetik sering menyebabkan beberapa resiko efek samping. Oleh karena itu, diformulasikan jamu anti–aterosklerosis berbahan baku daun tanjung, daun belimbing manis, dan temulawak. Jamu anti–aterosklerosis dibuat dengan mengekstraksi ketiga bahan tersebut menggunakan metode refluks pada suhu 70°C dalam waktu 90 menit menggunakan variasi pelarut etanol–air dan pengeringan menggunakan oven pada suhu 55°C dalam waktu 24 jam. Rendemen ekstraksi yang diperoleh adalah jamu anti–aterosklerosis sebesar 26,385%, daun tanjung sebesar 19,579%, daun belimbing manis sebesar 19,461%, dan temulawak sebesar 23,347%. Pengujian kandungan total flavonoid menggunakan spektrofotometri UV–Vis pada panjang gelombang 415 nm menghasilkan nilai terbaik pada variasi volume pelarut 50% etanol (125 mL) dan 50% air (125 mL), yakni sebesar 39,91% pada jamu anti–aterosklerosis, 36,57% pada daun tanjung, 23,35% pada daun belimbing manis, dan 38,44% pada temulawak. Pengujian kandungan total fenolik menggunakan spektrofotometri UV–Vis pada panjang gelombang 765 nm menghasilkan nilai terbaik pada variasi volume pelarut 50% etanol (125 mL) dan 50% air (125 mL), yakni sebesar 41,70% pada jamu anti–aterosklerosis, 40,84% pada daun tanjung, 31,57% pada daun belimbing manis, dan 41,46% pada temulawak. Dari penelitian ini didapati hasil dengan pola yang sama, yakni meningkatnya volume etanol hingga 50% pada pelarut turut meningkatkan hasil rendemen ekstrak, kandungan total flavonoid, dan kandungan total fenolik; kemudian mengalami penurunan. Hal ini terjadi karena etanol memiliki daya kelarutan yang lebih baik dari air sehingga etanol dapat mengekstrak lebih banyak senyawa flavonoid dan senyawa fenolik, serta mampu menghasilkan hasil rendemen ekstrak yang lebih banyak pula.

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Atherosclerosis is a deadly disease in the form of thickening of the walls and narrowing of the arterial lumen caused by high cholesterol in the blood. Modern management of atherosclerosis using synthetic drugs often causes several risks of side effects. Therefore, anti–atherosclerosis herbal medicine made from tanjung leaves, sweet starfruit leaves, and temulawak is formulated. Anti–atherosclerotic herbs are prepared by extracting the three ingredients using the reflux method at 70°C within 90 minutes using variations of the ethanol–water solvent and drying using an oven at 55°C within 24 hours. The extraction yield obtained was anti–atherosclerosis herbs at 26.338%, tanjung leaves at 19.579%, starfruit leaves at 19.461%, and curcuma at 23.334%. Testing the total flavonoid content using UV–Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 415 nm produces the best value on the variation of 50% ethanol (125 mL) and 50% water (125 mL) solvent volume, which is 39.91% in anti–atherosclerotic herbs, 36.57% in tanjung leaves, 23.35% in starfruit leaves, and 38.44% in curcuma. Testing the total phenolic content using UV–Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 765 nm produces the best value in the variation of the solvent volume of 50% ethanol (125 mL) and 50% water (125 mL), which is equal to 41.70% in anti–atherosclerotic herbs, 40.84% in tanjung leaves, 31.57% in starfruit leaves, and 41.46% in curcuma. From this study the results were found with the same pattern, namely increasing the volume of ethanol up to 50% in solvents also increased the yield of extract yield, total flavonoid content, and total phenolic content; then decreased. This happens because ethanol has better solubility than water so that ethanol can extract more flavonoid compounds and phenolic compounds, and is able to produce more extract yield."