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Abstrak :
Translokasi bakteri merupakan kejadian yang diinisiasi oleh adanya reaksi inflamasi pada permukaan usus dan dapat menyebabkan terjadinya sepsis. Bifidobacterium anima/is subspesies lactis merupakan salah satu bakteri probiotik yang dapat memberikan efek anti-inflamasi, sehingga dapat menghambat terjadinya translokasi bakteri. Gen dnaK merupakan sekuens penanda yang dapat digunakan untuk deteksi B. anima/is subsp. lactis. Optimasi dilakukan untuk mendapatkan pasangan primer optimal dalam kuantifikasi B. anima/is subsp. lactis dengan metode kuantitatif Real-time PCR. Isolat DNA diisolasi dari sampel feses bayi menggunakan metode fenol-kloroform. Pasangan primer dirancang berdasarkan sekuen gen dnaK B.ani malis subsp.lacti s [ABOTO1000010.1] menggunakan program pri mer3. Optimasi primer dilakukan menggunakan 5 konsentrasi berbeda, yaitu 50/50, 100/100, 300/300, 500/500, dan 1.000/1.000 nM. Konsentrasi optimal pasangan primer F_HN019_dnaK dan R_HN019_dnaK untuk kurva standar adalah 1.000/ 1.000 nM dengan nilai efisiensi 95.397% dan R2 0,998. Konsentrasi pasangan primer 50/50--1.000/1.000 nM dapat digunakan untuk kuantifikasi DNA target dengan kisaran nilai Ct sebesar 16,13--31,89. Konsentrasi primer dan DNA sampel tidak berpengaruh dan berkorelasi terhadap nilai Ct. Konsentrasi sampel DNA target terkecil yang dapat terkuantifikasi dengan baik oleh pasangan primer F_HN019_dnaK dan R_HN019_dnaK 300/ 300 nM sampai dilusi 10-4 Pasangan primer F_HN019_dnaK dan R_HN019_dnaK dapat dikembangkan untuk kuantifikasi B. anima/is subsp. lactis dalam sampel feses bayi pada kejadian sepsis. ......Bacterial translocation is an event that is initiated by the presence of an inflammatory reaction at the surface of the intestine and can lead to sepsis. Bifzdobacterium anima/is subspecies lactis is a probiotic bacterium that can provide anti-inflammatory effect, so as to prevent the occurrence of bacterial translocation. dnaK is a marker gene sequences that can be used for detection of B. anima/is subsp. lactis. Optimization is performed to obtain optimal primer pair in quantifying B. anima/is subsp. lactis by the method of real-time quantitative PCR. Isolate DNA were isolated from infant feces samples using phenol­ chloroform method. Primer pairs designed based on gene sequences B.anima/is subsp.lactis dnaK f ABOTO1000010.11 using primer3 program. The primary optimization is done using 5 different concentrations, namely 50/50, 100/100, 300/300, 500/500, and 1.000/1.000 nM. F HN019 dnaK optimal primer pair concentrations and R HN019 dnaK for standard curve were 1,000 I 1,000 nM with 95,397% efficiency values and R2 0.998. 50/50--1.000/1.000 nM concentration of primer pairs can be used for quantification of the target DNA with a range of Ct values of 16.13 to 31, 89. Primer concentration and DNA samples have no effect and relation with the Ct value. The smallest concentration of the target DNA sample that can be quantified well by F_HN019_dnaK and R HN019 dnaK primer pair 300/300 nM is up to dilution 10-4 R HN019 dnaK F_HN019_dnaK primer pairs can be developed for the quantification of B. anima/is subsp. lactis in fecal samples of infants on the incidence of sepsis.

Abstrak :

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ABSTRACT
Oral bacteria are the first human microbiome to encounter the food we eat. To date, most research has focused on the role of oral bacteria in the development and progression of caries and periodontal disease; however, little is known about the microbial communities that maintain a healthy oral cavity. This book, Oral Microbial Communities: Genomic Inquiry and Interspecies Communication, helps readers understand how multispecies microbial communities function to maintain and promote oral health as well as disease. It explores the immense opportunities presented by readily accessible, genetically tractable, genome-sequenced oral species that naturally form multispecies communities. Emphasizing the use of genomic inquiry to probe questions, Oral Microbial Communities examines multispecies community interactions, spatiotemporal organization, and gene function. Readers will find coverage of all the major microbe species currently under investigation by leading oral microbiologists. In particular, the book highlights model systems that study oral bacterial interactions, including biofilm growth using saliva as the source of nutrition.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resisten terhadap obat, menyebabkan infeksi kesehatan. Resistensi terhadap terapi pilihan meropenem merupakan ancaman serius. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan konsentrasi hambat minimum meropenem (KHM), perubahan ekspresi gen ampC, mexA, dan oprD, serta korelasi antara KHM dengan ekspresi gen ampC, mexA, dan oprD sesudah paparan meropenem. Metode: Digunakan sepuluh isolat P. aeruginosa dari Departemen Mikrobiologi Klinik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Sesudah bakteri terbukti peka terhadap meropenem secara fenotip, gen resistensi intrinsik dideteksi menggunakan PCR. Sesudah paparan meropenem pada hari ke 5 dan 12 dilakukan uji kepekaan dengan metode gradien konsentrasi dan deteksi RNA menggunakan real-time RT-PCR. Hasil: Semua isolat P. aeruginosa yang peka secara fenotip terhadap meropenem mempunyai gen ampC, mexA, dan oprD. Peningkatan KHM, peningkatan ekspresi gen ampC dan mexA, dan penurunan ekspresi gen oprD diamati sesudah paparan meropenem. Terdapat korelasi yang sangat kuat dan signifikan (p ≤ 0,05) antara KHM dan ekspresi gen oprD sesudah hari ke-12 paparan meropenem. Kesimpulan: Meskipun tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada ekspresi gen KHM dan ampC, mexA, dan oprD antara hari ke-5 dan hari ke-12, namun terdapat korelasi yang sangat kuat dan signifikan antara ekspresi gen KHM dan oprD pada hari ke-12 (p≤ 0,05). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa penurunan ekspresi gen oprD berpotensi meningkatkan resistensi meropenem pada P. aeruginosa. ......Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, drug-resistant, causes health infections. Resistance to the preferred therapy meropenem is a serious threat. This study aimed to analyze changes in meropenem minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), changes in ampC, mexA, and oprD gene expression, and the correlation between MIC and ampC, mexA, and oprD gene expression after meropenem exposure. Methods: Ten isolates of P. aeruginosa from the Clinical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia were used. After the bacteria were shown to be sensitive to meropenem phenotypically, intrinsic resistance genes were detected using PCR. After meropenem exposure on Days 5 and 12, sensitivity testing was carried out with the concentration gradient method and RNA was detected using real-time RT-PCR. Results: All P. aeruginosa isolates that were phenotypically sensitive to meropenem had the ampC, mexA, and oprD genes. An increase in MIC, an increase in ampC and mexA gene expression, and a decrease in oprD gene expression were observed after meropenem exposure. There was a very strong and significant correlation (p ≤ 0.05) between MIC and oprD gene expression after Day 12 of meropenem exposure. Conclusion: Although there were no significant differences in MIC and ampC, mexA, and oprD gene expression between Day 5 and Day 12, there was a very strong and significant correlation between MIC and oprD gene expression on Day 12 (p≤ 0.05). This indicates that decreasing oprD gene expression has the potential to increase meropenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.