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Abstrak :
Penggabungan hidroskiapatit (HA), yaitu material bioaktif untuk pengganti tulang, dengan senyawa kalsium fosfat yang resorbable seperti TCP menjadi Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP) dilakukan untuk meningkatkan sifat osteokonduktifitas dari HA sehingga terapi kerusakan tulang dapat dilakukan lebih efektif. Pencampuran serbuk HA, yang pembuatannya menggunakan bahan baku batu gamping, dengan serbuk TCP komersial dilakukan secara mekanik dengan beberapa perbandingan persen massa HA/TCP. Perbandingan persen massa HA/TCP yang diperoleh setelah proses sintering pada suhu 1000°C selama 10 menit adalah 94/6, 83/17, 90/10, 73/24 (dengan tambahan fasa CaCO3) dan 61/30 (juga dengan tambahan fasa CaCO3). Proses sintering menyebabkan perubahan khususnya pada komposisi fasa, akibat dekomposisi HA, TCP dan CaCO3, juga perubahan pada derajat kekristalan, menjadi lebih tinggi, dan ukuran kristalit, menjadi lebih besar. Uji bioresorbsi dilakukan secara in vitro dengan merendam lima jenis sampel BCP dengan komposisi fasa berbeda pada larutan SBF selama 10 hari dengan pengambilan data kandungan kalsium yang terdisolusi dalam SBF pada hari ke-2, 4, 6, 8 dan 10. Hasil uji memperlihatkan bahwa sifat bioresorbsi BCP cenderung dipengaruhi oleh komposisi fasa, khususnya kandungan HA dan TCP-nya, serta derajat kekristalan fasa HA. Semakin tinggi kandungan TCP maka semakin resorbable suatu material BCP. Sebaliknya, semakin tinggi kandungan HA maka kurang resorbable material BCP tersebut. Selain itu, BCP dengan derajat kekristalan yang lebih tinggi memiliki sifat resorbabilitas yang lebih rendah. ......The combination of hydroxyapatite (HA) and tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) as a new material called biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) is an ideal material for bone substitute due to its excellent bioactivity, from its HA content, and good bioresorbability, from its TCP content. The concept is based on an optimum balance of HA and TCP therefore the implant can be adjusted to fit the rate of bone ingrowth without loosing its bioactivity. In this research, HA, which was derived from limestone, and TCP, which was obatained commercially and is an industrial grade, were mixed mechanically with five different HA/TCP weight ratio. After sintered at 1000°C during 10 minutes, it was obtained BCP samples with five different HA/TCP ratio, i.e. 94/6, 83/17, 90/10, 73/24 (with the addition of CaCO3 phase) dan 61/30 (also with the addition of CaCO3 phase). The sintering process has changed not only their chemical composition but the degree of crystallinity and crystallite size as well. The in vitro biocompatibility test was carried out by immersion of the BCP samples into simulated body fluid (SBF) during 10 days, with the measurement of calcium release from the samples on the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th day. The result shows that the rate of bioresorbtion tends to be influenced by the HA and TCP content, and the degree of crystallinity as well. The higher TCP content the more bioresorbable the BCP. In contrary, the higher HA content the less bioresorbable the BCP. More over, the higher the degree of crystallinity the less bioresorbable the BCP.

Abstrak :
Hidroksiapatit (HA) merupakan biomaterial yang memiliki sifat bioaktif dan osteoinduktif. Akan tetapi HA juga memiliki sifat yang rapuh sehingga perlu dicampurkan dengan material polimer untuk meningkatkan sifat mekaniknya. Kolagen merupakan polimer alam yang dapat mendukung proses pertumbuhan sel tulang, dan memperbaiki karakteristik komposit serta dapat membentuk pori yang memungkinkan sel osteoblas untuk migrasi dan berpoliferasi seperti pada siklus darah. Gabungan kedua material ini dapat digunakan dalam proses regenerasi tulang. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis HA dengan metode ek-situ berbantukan iradiasi gelombang mikro. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh rasio kolagen terhadap nilai kekerasan komposit HA/Kolagen. Sintesis HA telah berhasil dilakukan menggunakan metode iradiasi gelombang mikro 720 W selama 15 menit. Kolagen yang digunakan merupakan kolagen hasil isolasi dari Chicken Gizzard inner lining (GIL) dengan metode perendaman basa NaOH 0.1 M. Kemudian HA dicampurkan dengan kolagen membentuk komposit HA/Kolagen dengan cara ek-situ menghasilkan material berpori dengan variasi rasio HA/Kolagen yaitu 90/10, 80/20, dan 70/30 (v/v). Hasil uji XRD komposit HA/Kolagen menunjukkan fasa HA terbentuk untuk semua variasi yang ditunjukkan pada sudut 2θ yaitu 26.03, 28.35, 33.05, 33.05 dan pada bidang miller (002), (210), (300), dan (310). Hasil perhitungan XRD didapatkan nilai indeks kristalinitas dan ukuran kristal paling rendah terdapat pada rasio HA/Kolagen 90/10 dengan nilai masing-masing 0.056 dan 29.247 nm. Hasil FTIR komposit HA/Kolagen menunjukkan keberadaan HA dengan gugus fungsi PO43- pada bilangan gelombang 565 cm-1, 604 cm-1, 1040 cm-1, dan O- pada bilangan gelombang 3565 cm-1. Sedangkan kolagen dengan gugus fungsi amida A (N-H stretching), amida B (C-H), amida I (C=O stretching), amida II (N-H bending), dan amida III (C-N stretching) pada bilangan gelombang masing-masing 3248 cm-1, 2922 cm-1, 1663 cm-1, 1404 cm-1, dan 1234 cm-1. Hasil SEM memperlihatkan bahwa ukuran partikel menurun ketika rasio kolagen meningkat. Hasil kekerasan vickers mencapai nilai maksimal pada sampel HA/Kolagen 90/10 dengan nilai 0.068 GPa dan menurun pada sampel HA/Kolagen 80/20 dan 70/30 yaitu 0.037 GPa. ......Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a biomaterial that has bioactive and osteoinductive properties. However, HA has the brittle nature so it needs to be mixed with polymer materials to improve its mechanical properties. Collagen is a natural polymer that can support the growth process of bone cells, and improve the characteristics of composites and can form pores that allow osteoblast cells to migrate and proliferate as in the blood cycle. The combination of these two materials can be used in bone regeneration proccess. In this research, the synthesis of HA was carried out using the ex-situ method assisted by microwave irradiation. This research aims to study the effect of the collagen ratio to the hardness value of HA/Collagen composites. The synthesis of HA has been successfully carried out using the microwave irradiation method at a power of 720 Watt for 15 minutes. The collagen used is collagen isolated from Chicken Gizzard inner lining (GIL) with 0.1 M NaOH base immersion method. Then HA is mixed with collagen to form a HA/Collagen composite by ex-situ method to produce a porous material with a variation of the HA/Collagen ratio of 90/10, 80/20, and 70/30 (v/v). XRD test results of HA/Collagen composites showed that the HA phase was formed for all variations shown at 2θ angles, namely 26.03, 28.35, 33.05, 33.05 and in the Miller plane (002), (210), (300), and (310). The results of XRD calculation is the crystallinity index and the lowest crystal size were found at the ratio of HA/Collagen 90/10 with values of 0.056 and 29.247 nm. FTIR results for HA/Collagen composites showed the presence of HA with functional groups PO43- at wave number 565 cm-1, 604 cm-1, 1040 cm-1, and OH- in the wavenumber 3565 cm-1. Meanwhile, collagen with functional groups amide A (N-H stretching), amide B (C-H), amide I (C=O stretching), amide II (N-H bending), and amide III (C-N stretching) at wave numbers of 3248 cm-1, 2922 cm-1, 1663 cm-1, 1404 cm-1, and 1234 c-1. The results of the SEM test showed that the particles size is decrease while the collagen ratio is increase. Vickers hardness reached its maximum value in HA/Collagen 90/10 samples with a value of 0.068 GPa and decreased in HA/Collagen 80/20 and 70/30 samples 0.037 GPa.

Abstrak :
Bifasik kalsium fosfat (BCP) gabungan dari hidroksiapatit (HA) material bioaktif dengan ꞵ-Trikalsium Fosfat (ꞵ-TCP) material yang mudah diserap (resorbable). Karenanya, BCP mempunyai tingkat degradasi dan sifat osteokonduktif yang tinggi, sehingga berpotensi besar sebagai bahan pengganti tulang. Namun, BCP bersifat rapuh. Untuk memperbaiki sifat rapuh ini, BCP dikompositkan dengan kolagen karena kolagen mampu memperbaiki sifat BCP yang rapuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis komposit BCP/Kolagen dengan metode presipitasi basah secara ek-situ dengan rasio BCP/Kolagen: 90/10; 80/20 dan 70/30 (wt.%). BCP disintesis menggunakan iradiasi gelombang mikro 720 W selama 45 menit. BCP yang dihasilkan akan disintesis menjadi komposit BCP/Kolagen. Hasil XRD BCP murni menunjukkan adanya dua fasa yaitu HA (25%) dan β-TCP (75%). Kolagen berasal dari biowaste berupa GIL ayam. Hasil FTIR kolagen GIL memperlihatkan adanya gugus fungsional khas kolagen pada bilangan gelombang 3280 cm-1 (amida A), 2963 cm-1 (amida B), 1648 cm-1 (amida I), 1451 cm-1 (amida II), dan 1241 cm-1 (amida III). Sementara, hasil XRD komposit BCP/Kolagen menunjukkan terbentuknya fasa β-TCP, fasa HA, dan fasa impuritas oxyapatite dan phosphorous oxide pada semua variasi komposit BCP/Kolagen. Gugus fungsional khas (OH-), (PO43-) dan (N-H) hadir pada semua variasi terlihat pada hasil FTIR menandakan bahwa BCP dan kolagen telah berikatan. Hasil SEM memperlihatkan semakin banyak kandungan kolagen maka semakin kecil ukuran partikel yang terbentuk. ......Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) is a combination of hydroxyapatite (HA) bioactive material with ꞵ-Tricalcium Phosphate (ꞵ-TCP) resorbable material. Therefore, BCP has a high level of degradation and osteoconductive properties, so it has great potential as a bone substitute. However, BCP is brittle. To improve this brittle nature, BCP combined with collagen because collagen can improve the brittle nature of BCP. This study aims to synthesize BCP/Collagen composites by wet precipitation ex-situ method with BCP/Collagen ratio: 90/10; 80/20 and 70/30 (wt.%). BCP was synthesized using microwave irradiation with 720 W power for 45 minutes and have two phases, namely HA (25%) and ꞵ-TCP (75%) from XRD results. The resulting BCP will be synthesized into BCP/Collagen composites. The collagen used was derived from biowaste of the inner layer of chicken gizzard (GIL). FTIR results of GIL collagen showed the presence of functional groups typical of collagen at wavenumbers 3280 cm-1 (amide A), 2963 cm-1 (amide B), 1648 cm-1 (amide I), 1451 cm-1 (amide II), dan 1241 cm-1 (amide III). Meanwhile, XRD results of BCP/Collagen composites showed the formation of ꞵ-TCP phase, HA phase, oxyapatite and phosphorous oxide impurities in all variations of BCP/Collagen composites. The characteristic functional groups (OH-), (PO43-) and (N-H) were present in all variations seen in the FTIR results indicating that BCP and collagen had bound. SEM results show that more collagen content the smaller the particle size formed, where the smallest particle size is owned by BCP/30 sample of 26.170 μm.

Abstrak :
Bone substitute biomaterials are fundamental to the biomedical sector, and have recently benefitted from extensive research and technological advances aimed at minimizing failure rates and reducing the need for further surgery. This book reviews these developments, with a particular focus on the desirable properties for bone substitute materials and their potential to encourage bone repair and regeneration. Part I covers the principles of bone substitute biomaterials for medical applications. One chapter reviews the quantification of bone mechanics at the whole-bone, micro-scale, and non-scale levels, while others discuss biomineralization, osteoductivization, materials to fill bone defects, and bioresorbable materials. Part II focuses on biomaterials as scaffolds and implants, including multi-functional scaffolds, bioceramics, and titanium-based foams. Finally, part III reviews further materials with the potential to encourage bone repair and regeneration, including cartilage grafts, chitosan, inorganic polymer composites, and marine organisms.

Abstrak :
This book describes in detail a unique and very precise operative technique that uses autologous cartilage/bone grafts for the reconstruction of load-bearing joint surfaces and for dowelling of non-unions. The technique, employing diamond instruments and a wet grinding process, has been developed and refined over the past 30 years at the Center for Orthopaedic Sciences (ZOW), first in Bern and later in Munich. A step-by-step description of the method is provided for each indication, with the aid of many high-quality illustrations. Correctly applied, the technique has been very successful in restoring high-level athletes to competition. it can be applied even in ?hopeless cases? and offers excellent late results.