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"Penggabungan hidroskiapatit (HA), yaitu material bioaktif untuk pengganti tulang, dengan senyawa kalsium fosfat yang resorbable seperti TCP menjadi Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP) dilakukan untuk meningkatkan sifat osteokonduktifitas dari HA sehingga terapi kerusakan tulang dapat dilakukan lebih efektif. Pencampuran serbuk HA, yang pembuatannya menggunakan bahan baku batu gamping, dengan serbuk TCP komersial dilakukan secara mekanik dengan beberapa perbandingan persen massa HA/TCP. Perbandingan persen massa HA/TCP yang diperoleh setelah proses sintering pada suhu 1000°C selama 10 menit adalah 94/6, 83/17, 90/10, 73/24 (dengan tambahan fasa CaCO3) dan 61/30 (juga dengan tambahan fasa CaCO3). Proses sintering menyebabkan perubahan khususnya pada komposisi fasa, akibat dekomposisi HA, TCP dan CaCO3, juga perubahan pada derajat kekristalan, menjadi lebih tinggi, dan ukuran kristalit, menjadi lebih besar. Uji bioresorbsi dilakukan secara in vitro dengan merendam lima jenis sampel BCP dengan komposisi fasa berbeda pada larutan SBF selama 10 hari dengan pengambilan data kandungan kalsium yang terdisolusi dalam SBF pada hari ke-2, 4, 6, 8 dan 10. Hasil uji memperlihatkan bahwa sifat bioresorbsi BCP cenderung dipengaruhi oleh komposisi fasa, khususnya kandungan HA dan TCP-nya, serta derajat kekristalan fasa HA. Semakin tinggi kandungan TCP maka semakin resorbable suatu material BCP. Sebaliknya, semakin tinggi kandungan HA maka kurang resorbable material BCP tersebut. Selain itu, BCP dengan derajat kekristalan yang lebih tinggi memiliki sifat resorbabilitas yang lebih rendah. ......The combination of hydroxyapatite (HA) and tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) as a new material called biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) is an ideal material for bone substitute due to its excellent bioactivity, from its HA content, and good bioresorbability, from its TCP content. The concept is based on an optimum balance of HA and TCP therefore the implant can be adjusted to fit the rate of bone ingrowth without loosing its bioactivity. In this research, HA, which was derived from limestone, and TCP, which was obatained commercially and is an industrial grade, were mixed mechanically with five different HA/TCP weight ratio. After sintered at 1000°C during 10 minutes, it was obtained BCP samples with five different HA/TCP ratio, i.e. 94/6, 83/17, 90/10, 73/24 (with the addition of CaCO3 phase) dan 61/30 (also with the addition of CaCO3 phase). The sintering process has changed not only their chemical composition but the degree of crystallinity and crystallite size as well. The in vitro biocompatibility test was carried out by immersion of the BCP samples into simulated body fluid (SBF) during 10 days, with the measurement of calcium release from the samples on the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th day. The result shows that the rate of bioresorbtion tends to be influenced by the HA and TCP content, and the degree of crystallinity as well. The higher TCP content the more bioresorbable the BCP. In contrary, the higher HA content the less bioresorbable the BCP. More over, the higher the degree of crystallinity the less bioresorbable the BCP."

"Bifasik kalsium fosfat (BCP) gabungan dari hidroksiapatit (HA) material bioaktif dengan ꞵ-Trikalsium Fosfat (ꞵ-TCP) material yang mudah diserap (resorbable). Karenanya, BCP mempunyai tingkat degradasi dan sifat osteokonduktif yang tinggi, sehingga berpotensi besar sebagai bahan pengganti tulang. Namun, BCP bersifat rapuh. Untuk memperbaiki sifat rapuh ini, BCP dikompositkan dengan kolagen karena kolagen mampu memperbaiki sifat BCP yang rapuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis komposit BCP/Kolagen dengan metode presipitasi basah secara ek-situ dengan rasio BCP/Kolagen: 90/10; 80/20 dan 70/30 (wt.%). BCP disintesis menggunakan iradiasi gelombang mikro 720 W selama 45 menit. BCP yang dihasilkan akan disintesis menjadi komposit BCP/Kolagen. Hasil XRD BCP murni menunjukkan adanya dua fasa yaitu HA (25%) dan β-TCP (75%). Kolagen berasal dari biowaste berupa GIL ayam. Hasil FTIR kolagen GIL memperlihatkan adanya gugus fungsional khas kolagen pada bilangan gelombang 3280 cm-1 (amida A), 2963 cm-1 (amida B), 1648 cm-1 (amida I), 1451 cm-1 (amida II), dan 1241 cm-1 (amida III). Sementara, hasil XRD komposit BCP/Kolagen menunjukkan terbentuknya fasa β-TCP, fasa HA, dan fasa impuritas oxyapatite dan phosphorous oxide pada semua variasi komposit BCP/Kolagen. Gugus fungsional khas (OH-), (PO43-) dan (N-H) hadir pada semua variasi terlihat pada hasil FTIR menandakan bahwa BCP dan kolagen telah berikatan. Hasil SEM memperlihatkan semakin banyak kandungan kolagen maka semakin kecil ukuran partikel yang terbentuk.......Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) is a combination of hydroxyapatite (HA) bioactive material with ꞵ-Tricalcium Phosphate (ꞵ-TCP) resorbable material. Therefore, BCP has a high level of degradation and osteoconductive properties, so it has great potential as a bone substitute. However, BCP is brittle. To improve this brittle nature, BCP combined with collagen because collagen can improve the brittle nature of BCP. This study aims to synthesize BCP/Collagen composites by wet precipitation ex-situ method with BCP/Collagen ratio: 90/10; 80/20 and 70/30 (wt.%). BCP was synthesized using microwave irradiation with 720 W power for 45 minutes and have two phases, namely HA (25%) and ꞵ-TCP (75%) from XRD results. The resulting BCP will be synthesized into BCP/Collagen composites. The collagen used was derived from biowaste of the inner layer of chicken gizzard (GIL). FTIR results of GIL collagen showed the presence of functional groups typical of collagen at wavenumbers 3280 cm-1 (amide A), 2963 cm-1 (amide B), 1648 cm-1 (amide I), 1451 cm-1 (amide II), dan 1241 cm-1 (amide III). Meanwhile, XRD results of BCP/Collagen composites showed the formation of ꞵ-TCP phase, HA phase, oxyapatite and phosphorous oxide impurities in all variations of BCP/Collagen composites. The characteristic functional groups (OH-), (PO43-) and (N-H) were present in all variations seen in the FTIR results indicating that BCP and collagen had bound. SEM results show that more collagen content the smaller the particle size formed, where the smallest particle size is owned by BCP/30 sample of 26.170 μm."

"This book describes in detail a unique and very precise operative technique that uses autologous cartilage/bone grafts for the reconstruction of load-bearing joint surfaces and for dowelling of non-unions. The technique, employing diamond instruments and a wet grinding process, has been developed and refined over the past 30 years at the Center for Orthopaedic Sciences (ZOW), first in Bern and later in Munich. A step-by-step description of the method is provided for each indication, with the aid of many high-quality illustrations. Correctly applied, the technique has been very successful in restoring high-level athletes to competition. it can be applied even in ?hopeless cases? and offers excellent late results. "