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Abstrak :
Otak dan Fungsinya Otak yang saya maksud ialah otak Homo Sapiens, manusia yang sekarang hidup menguasai permukaan sebuah planet dalam salah satu tata surya galaksi Bima Sakti yang disebut bumi. Menurut teori evolusi, di bumi ini sepuluh juta tahun yang lalu telah ada, makhluk golongan Antropoid yang kemudian berkembang bercabang dua, golongan Hominoid dan golongan kera. Kurang lebih satu juta tahun yang lalu, Hominoid terpecah lagi menjadi dua golongan yaitu. Hominid dan Pongid. Dari golongan Pongid berkembang kera-kera besar seperti gorilla, simpanse, orang utan, gibon. Golongan Hominid berkembang menjadi Homo dengan cabang-cabangnya Homo Makapan, Swartkrans, Java, Peking dan lain-lain. Kira-kira 100.000 tahun yang lalu berkembang cabang Neanderthal dan Cromagnon dan kemudian Homo Sapiens. Pengetahuan mengenai makhluk-makhluk pra Homo Sapiens ini didapat dan penelitian sisa rangkanya yang ditemukan. Tengkorak kepala makhluk-makhluk purba ini berbeda bentuknya dari tengkorak '' Homo Sapiens. Makin purba makhluknya;. makin banyak kemiripannya dengan tengkorak golongan kera, antara lain bagian dahinya lebih rendah,. Volume tengkorak pada umumnya lebih kecil, Volume tengkorak Homo Java, Homo Erectus yang didapatkan di Trinil misalnya ialah 815 cm3. Volume tengkorak Horrid-Sapiens, 1300-1500 cm3: (18). Tengkorak berisi otak yang rnerupakan jaringan yang terurai bila makhluknya mati. Bagaimana bentuk dan besar otak makhluk purba hanya dapat diperkirakan dengan membuat cetakan isi tengkorak. Studi perbandingan otak manusia dilakukam dengan menggunakan otak hewan yang terdapat saat ini.

Abstrak :
Perkenankan pula saya mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Pemerintah Indonesia, kepada Bapak Presiden serta Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan yang telah memberi kepercayaan kepada saya untuk bertugas sebagai Guru Besar Tetap Ilmu Neurologi. Pada kesempatan ini saya memilrh judul pidato: "Peranan Stimulasi yang Berdasarkan Konsep Spesialisasi Dua Belahan dan Plastisitas Otak pada Peningkatan Kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia" Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Tabap II berlandaskan pembangunan ekonomi dan bertumpu pada peningkatan kualitas hidup dan sumber daya manusia (SDM). Faktor-faktor peningkatan sumber daya manusia terletak antara lain pada aspek ekonomi, kesehatan, pendidikan dan iptek. Peningkatan kesehatan dan pendidikan berarti pula peningkatan kemampuan otak, baik otak yang mengalami gangguan maupun otak yang sehat dan normal. Dua prestasi manusia yang paling menonjol dalam abad ini adalah "Quantum Cosmology" (sains tentang semesta) dan "Neuroscience" (sains tentang otak). Yang pertama adalah studi tentang awal hidup manusia dan yang kedua tentang perjalanan nasib hidup manusia. Neurosains menjadi begitu pentingnya hingga mantan Presiden Bush dari Amerika Serikat mencanangkan tahun 1990-2000 sebagai "The Decade of the Brain". Dalam era globalisasi ini -mau tidak mau- Indonesia harus menengok ke dunia luar, antara lain terhadap dekade otak tersebut. Betapa pentingnya otak dapat disimak dari banyaknya masalah yang dapat ditimbulkannya, yaitu sekitar 650 jenis masalah, mulai dari masalah yang berat dan fatal seperti stroke, trauma susunan saraf, dan sebagainya sampai pada masalah pembelajaran dan kesulitan belajar. Semua itu menyebabkan kerugian besar secara sosial dan, ekonomis. Para pakar neurosains dari berbagai disiplin ilmu mempelajari otak dan masalahnya karena menyadari bahwa otak manusia merupakan struktur hidup yang paling kompleks dalam jagad raya ini. Bayangkan bahwa otak dikemas oleh milyaran sel neuron dan bahwa setiap sel neuron saling berkomunikasi rata-rata dengan 10.000 sel lainnya. Komunikasi itu dilakukan melalui sinyal biolistrik dan kimiawi, dan sampai sekarang telah ditemukan paling sedikit 40 jenis zat kimiawi yang disebut sebagai neurotransmiter (3). Teknik dan pendekatan canggih yang memungkinkan adanya penelitian langsung tentang mekanisme otak telah membuka cakrawala baru tentang hubungan di antara perilaku (behavior) dan struktur serta fungsi otak manusia. Pengetahuan yang berawal pada tahun 1910 dan disebut sebagai "behaviorism" berkembang pesat dan kini disebut dengan berbagai istilah, seperti Behavioral Neurology, Clinical Neuropsychology, dan Higher Corti-cal Functions. Dalam pada itu Bagian Neurologi FKUI/RSCM menggunakan nama Fungsi Luhur (Fungsi Kortikal Luhur)(10,14,23,25). PeriIaku dalam konteks ini mencakup fungsi bahasa, memori, visuospasial, emosi, dan kognisi (6).

Abstrak :
Kematian adalah suatu proses yang dapat dikenal secara klinis pada seseorang melalui pengamatan terhadap perubahan yang terjadi pada tubuh mayat. Perubahan itu akan terjadi dari mulai terhentinya suplai oksigen. Manifestasinya akan dapat dilihat setelah beberapa menit, jam dan seterusnya. Dalam kasus tertentu, salah satu kewajiban dokter adalah membantu penyidik menegakan keadilan. Untuk itu dokter sedapat mungkin membantu menentukan beberapa hal seperti saat kematian dan penyebab kematian tersebut. Dari kepustakaan yang ada, saat kematian seseorang belum dapat ditunjukan secara tepat karena tanda-tanda dan gejala setelah kematian sangat bervariasi. Hal ini karena tanda atau gejala yang ditunjukan sangat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa hal diantaranya, umur, kondisi fisik pasien, penyakit sebelumnya, keadaan lingkungan mayat, sebelumnya makanan maupun penyebab kematian itu sendiri. Dalam era ini dibutuhan penentuan saat kematian secara tepat.Untuk itu akan telah dilakukan suatu penelitian dasar untuk mendapat suatu indikator bebas. Indikator ini akan dipakai untuk dasar kerja sebuah slat banal yang mampu mendeteksi perubahan yang hanya objektif dan akurat setelah kematian terjadi. Otak sebagai organ yang relatif terlindung maksimal dengan batok kepala diperkirakan mengalami proses kimiawi yang relatif cepat dan tidak dipengaruhi lingkungan. Proses kimiawi akibat terhentinya suplai zat asam/oksigen mengakibatkan jaringan otak yang sangat sensitif terhadap kekurangan zat asam itu akan lebih cepat mengalami disintegrasi kimiawi, yang diamati melalui perubahan konduktivitas listrikyang terjadi. Dengan penelitian ini diamati korelasi waktu dengan perubahan konduktivitas jaringan otak setelah kematian asfiksia dan perdarahan pada tikus. Telah didapatkan data bahwa konduktivitas berubah terhadap waktu dalam 24 jam pertama menurut fungsi quadratik dan atau kubik. Penurunan konduktivitas ini diperkirakan terjadi berhubungan dengan denaturasi protein atau asam aminino intra dan ekstraseluler. Mulai terjadinya pengrusakan atau perubahan semipermeabilitas dinding sel yang terdiri dari fosfo lipid yang terurai menjadi asam lemak dan protein yang bersifat elektrolit menunjukan meningkatnya larutan elektrolit secara umum sehingga akan meningkatkan konduktivitas aliran listrik tersebut. Secara sepintas tidak terdapat berbedaan yang bermakna antara cara kematian secara asfiksia atau perdarahan/potong. Konduktivitas mencapai minimum sekitar 12 - 15 jam kematian untuk kedua perlakuan. Dari data deskriptif ini perlu kiranya dilakukan analisis statistik lebih lanjut, untuk mendapatkan informasi sehingga bermanfaat untuk penelitian selanjutnya. Untuk itu penelitian ini perlu dilajutkan secara terintegrasi dengan disiplin terkait untuk memantau baik secara biokimia atau histopatologis dan lainnya, untuk menjelaskan perubahan fisika listrik yang terjadi ini.

Abstrak :
Otak adalah sebuah organ yang sangat peka terhadap perubahan oksigenasi jaringan. Latihan fisik aerobik memiliki banyak manfaat, diantaranya meningkatkan cardiac output yang secara tidak langsung akan meningkatkan oksigenasi jaringan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan fisik aerobik dan detrain terhadap jumlah sel saraf normal pada gyrus dentatus tikus. Desain penelitian ini adalah eksperimental dengan mengamati persentase sel saraf normal pada setiap sediaan otak tikus yang dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, yaitu kontrol, latihan fisik (training) dan detrain. Hasil rata-rata persentase sel normal perkelompok sebagai berikut, kontrol 24,8%, training 41,1%, dan detrain 25,2% Hasil dari uji Post Hoc LSD menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kontrol terhadap training (p<0,001) dan training terhadap detrain (p< 0,001) namun tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara kontrol terhadap detrain (p< 0,853). Hasil penelitian ini mendukung teori tentang peningkatan oksigenasi jaringan ke otak akan meningkatkan jumlah sel saraf yang normal pada daerah gyrus dentatus otak tikus. ...... Brain is an organ which is very sensitive to changes in tissue oxygenation. On the other hand, aerobic exercise has many benefits, including increased cardiac output which will indirectly increase tissue oxygenation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise and detrain on the gyrus dentatus number of normal neuron. This study used experimental design to observe the percentage of normal nerve cells in each mouse brain. The mice were divided into three groups, control, physical exercise (training) and detrain. Average percentage of normal cells per group as follows, controls 24.8%, 41.1% training and detrain 25.2% Results of Post Hoc test of LSD showed significant difference between the control group of the training (p <0.001 ) and training to detrain (p <0.001) but no significant difference between the control detrain (p <0.853). The results supported the theory of increased tissue oxygenation to the brain will increase the number of nerve cells in the area of ​​gyrus dentatus rat brain.

Abstrak :
Terhambatnya perkembangan otak dan saraf merupakan problem kesehatan, diperkirakan mencapai 17% dari seluruh populasi. Dampaknya dapat menurunkan fungsi kognitif/daya ingat. Dasar patologi penurunan fungsi kognitif antara lain disebabkan oleh berkurangnya sinaps, neuron, neurotransmitter dan jejaring saraf. Hal ini berkaitan dengan sinyal-sinyal penting seperti faktor neurotrofik, neurotransmitter dan hormon. Pegagan (Centella asiatica) telah lama digunakan secara empiris untuk memperbaiki daya ingat. Hasil penelitian secara in vivo pemberian pegagan dapat meningkatkan level GABA(Gamma aminobutyric acid) di otak. Pengaruh pegagan pada BDNF(Brain derived neurotrophic factor) belum pemah diteliti, namun menurut Obrietan dkk stimulasi GABA dapat meningkatkan ekspresi BDNF melalui jalur MAPK-CREB (mirogen ocrivated prorein kinase-cyclic AMP response element binding protein). Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) merupakani salah satu substansi dalam pengaturan neurogenesis. Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental untuk meneliti kadar BDNF dan jumlah sel saraf pada kultur jaringan hipokampus tikus muda. Pengukuran kadar BDNF dengan spektrofotometer pada panjang gelombang 450 nm dengan kit BDNF dari Chemicon. Data dianalisis dengan ANOVA (anabrsis of varions), dan sebelumnya diuji normalitas data dengan Lavene, serta post Hoc Test. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh hasil (1) jumlah sel saraf lebih besar pada kultur sel jaringan hipokampus tikus muda yang diberi ekstrak pegagan 0,50 ug/ml dibandingkan 0,25 ug/ml dan kontrol sebagai pembanding (p<0,05). (2) Untuk kadar BDNF terlihat hasil kadar BDNF pada kelompok kontrol lebih tinggi dibandingkan perlakuan ekstrak pegagan 0,25 ug/ml dan 0,50 ug/ml (p>0,05).

Abstrak :
This volume mainly contains information on the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of brain tumors. Insights on the understanding of molecular pathways involved in tumor biology are explained, which should lead to the development of effective drugs. Information on pathways (e.g., hedgehog) facilitates targeted therapies in cancer. Tumor models are also presented, which utilize expression data, pathway sensitivity, and genetic abnormalities, representing targets in cancer. For example, rat model of malignant brain tumors using implantation of doxorubicin with drug eluting beads for delivery is explained. The future of pathway-driven therapies for tumors is summarized. The importance of personalizing cancer care is emphasized. The need for supportive measures for survivors of brain cancer is pointed out, so is the quality of life monitoring. The need of rehabilitation therapy for patients with primary and metastatic brain tumors is also emphasized. Role of MicroRNA in distinguishing primary tumors from metastatic primary tumors is discussed. Advantages and limitations of chemotherapy (e.g., temozolomide and doxorubicin) are discussed. The complexity of tumor to tumor transfer is explained; examples discussed are: brain metastases from breast cancer and brain metastases fro non-small cell lung carcinoma. Identification and characterization of biomarkers, including those for metastatic brain tumors, are presented. Genomic analysis for identifying clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma is included. A large number of imaging modalities are detailed to study progression and invasion of gliomas.

Abstrak :
LATAR BELAKANG: Pemeriksaan Sken CT kepala adalah Baku emas untuk mendiagnosa perdarahan intrakranial traumatik pada anak. Di Indonesia belum semua fasilitas kesehatan memiliki Sken CT kepala sehingga panting untuk mengetahui gejala klinis yang berhubungan dengan perdarahan intrakranial traumatik pada anak. TUJUAN: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui gejala klinis dan radiologis sederhana yang dapat digunakan sebagai indikator adanya perdarahan intrakranial traumatik pada anak. METODE: Penelitian dilakukan secara potong lintang dengan menggunakan data primer dan sekunder dari catatan medik pasien usia < 15 tahun dengan cedera kepala dan telah dilakukan pemeriksaan foto kepala dan Sken CT kepala yang dirawat di bangsal Neurologi RSCM dalam kurun waktu Januari 1998 hingga Juli 2004. HASIL: Dari 338 kasus yang diteliti didapatkan 117 kasus perdarahan intrakranial traumatik (34,61%): 33 (28,20%) epidural hematom, 34 (29,05%) subdural hematom, 26 (22,22%) perdarahan intraserebral, 12 (10,25%) perdarahan campuran, 11 (9,40%) perdarahan subarachnoid. Pasien terdiri dari 82 laki-laki (70,08%) dan 35 perempuan (29,91%), rentang usia terbanyak yang mengalami perdarahan intrakranial traumatik 11-15 tahun (53/45,29%), mekanisme tersering kecelakaan lalu Iintas (62,39%). Gejala: fraktur tengkorak (62/52,99%), Gangguan THT (26/22,22%), muntah (82/70,08%), lama penurunan kesadaran terbanyak 10 merit-6 jam (51/43,58%). Gejala neurologis: Skala Koma Glasgow (SKG) terbanyak 12-14 (63/53,84%), kelainan saraf kranial (9/7,69%), gangguan motorik (15/12,82%), kejang (13/11,11%), pupil anisokor (7/5,98%). Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara perdarahan intrakranial traumatik dengan SKG, kelompok umur, gangguan motorik, kejang, fraktur tengkorak dan lama penurunan kesadaran (p<0,05) KESIMPULAN: Indikator adalah SKG, gangguan motorik, kelompok umur, kejang, fraktur tengkorak dan lama penurunan kesadaran. Dengan analisis multivariate SKG, kelompok umur dan gangguan motorik merupakan indikator kuat dan dapat digunakan sebagai formula klinik dalam memperkirakan perdarahan intrakranial traumatik pada anak.

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BACKGROUND: Brain CT Scan is one of the evaluation methods for traumatic brain hemorrhage in children. However, not all Indonesian hospitals have these radiologic examination tools. Clinical features and skull x ray as an indicators have to be used as a predictor for traumatic brain hemorrhage cases in children. OBJECTIVE: To predict traumatic brain hemorrhage in children using clinical features and skull x ray. METHODOLOGY: 338 acute head trauma children,

Abstrak :
Brain drain merupakan isu yang sedang berkembang di Indonesia. Akan tetapi isu ini belum disadari sebagai ancaman bagi ketahanan nasional. Di tengah persaingan global, semua negara berlomba menarik sumber daya manusia unggul dari negara-negara di dunia. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah Indonesia dirasa penting menerapkan kebijakan untuk menangani brain drain. Brain drain dapat dikelola dengan menerapkan brain circulation untuk mendapatkan reversed brain drain/brain gain. Perhimpunan Pelajar Indonesia se-Dunia (PPI Dunia) telah berkontribusi dalam meningkatkan terjadinya jaringan brain circulation melalui aktivitas dan komunitas diaspora di luar negeri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi strategi PPI Dunia dalam meningkatkan potensi terbentuknya brain circulation network melalui aktivitas organisasi dan menganalisis kontribusi strategi tersebut terhadap ketahanan nasional. Hasilnya digunakan untuk merumuskan strategi pemberdayaan PPI Dunia dalam meningkatkan terbentuknya jaringan brain circulation. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan data primer dan sekunder yang didapatkan melalui wawancara, observasi, studi dokumen dan catatan lapangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tiga strategi PPI Dunia dalam meningkatkan potensi terbentuknya jaringan brain circulation Indonesia yaitu (1) Menguatkan nasionalisme diaspora pelajar Indonesia. (2) Membangun kolaborasi baik nasional maupun internasional. (3) Membentuk komunitas diaspora. Kontribusi strategi tersebut terhadap ketahanan nasional adalah meningkatkan kapasitas pengetahuan Sumber Daya Manusia, meningkatkan diplomasi budaya, meningkatkan promosi pariwisata, dan memelihara ideologi dan nasionalisme. Rekomendasi strategi tersebut antara lain: (1) Pemberian proyek jangka pendek dengan PPI Dunia dan komunitas yang telah dibentuk yaitu Ikatan Ilmuan Indonesia Internasional (I4), Ikatan Keluarga Alumni Luar Negeri (IKRAR) dan Global Indonesian Professional Association (GIPA). (2) Menciptakan platform terpadu promosi pariwisata dan budaya Indonesia dengan memberdayakan seluruh PPI Negara di bawah koordinasi PPI Dunia. (3) Menyediakan skema pengelolaan lulusan universitas luar negeri pasca studi. (4) Melakukan inovasi manajemen penerima dan alumni beasiswa pemerintah Indonesia bersama PPI Dunia dan Mata Garuda. (5) Mengembangkan Research Center Indonesia dengan menjalin hubungan dengan PPI Dunia. ......Brain drain is a source of ongoing concern in Indonesia. However, this issue has not been recognized as a threat to national resilience. In the era of global competition, all countries in the world compete to attract highly skilled migrants from countries around the world. Therefore, the Indonesian government needs to implement policies to manage the brain drain. Brain drain can be managed by applying the concept of brain circulation to get a reversed brain drain/brain gain. Overseas Indonesian Students Association Alliance (OISAA) has contributed in increasing brain circulation through it's activites and diaspora community in other countries. The purpose of this research was to identify the strategy of OISAA in increasing the potential formation of brain circulation network and the contribution of the strategy toward national resilience. The results were used to formulate the OISAA empowerment in increasing the potential formation of brain circulation network. This research adopted a qualitative methods using primary and secondary data obtained through interviews, observations, document study, and field notes. The results of this study showed that there were three strategies of OISAA in increasing the potential formation of brain circulation network, namely (1) Strengthening the nationalism of Indonesian student diaspora. (2) Building collaboration both nationally and internationally. (3) Creating Diaspora Communities. The contributions of the strategy to national resilience were to increase the knowledge capacity of Human Resources, to increase cultural diplomacy, to increase tourism promotion, and to maintain ideology and nationalism. The researcher also recommended some strategies: (1) Giving short-term projects to OISAA and it's community, the International Indonesian Scientists Association (I4), Overseas Alumni Association (IKRAR) and the Global Indonesian Professional Association (GIPA). (2) Creating an integrated platform for promoting Indonesian tourism and culture by empowering all PPI Negara under the coordination of OISAA. (3) Providing a management scheme for overseas university graduates. (4) Conducting Innovation management of Indonesian government scholarships awardee and alumni with OISAA and Mata Garuda. (5) Developing Indonesia's Research Center by establishing mutual relations with OISAA.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Tumor otak (TO) merupakan penyebab kematian kedua dari semua kanker yang terjadi pada anak. TO memiliki gambaran klinis, radiologis dan histopatologis yang sangat bervariasi karena proses pengembangan sel-sel jaringan otak masih berlanjut sampai usia 3 tahun. Data penelitian mengenai TO pada anak masih sedikit. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui gambaran klinis, radiologis, histopatologis dan faktor prognostik TO di Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FKUI/ RS. Dr. Ciptomangunkusumo Jakarta periode tahun 2010 - 2015. Metode Penelitian: Kohort retrospektif dilakukan pada semua anak dengan TO primer yang berobat/dirawat di Departemen Ilmu Kesehahatan Anak FKUI/RS Dr. Ciptomangunkusumo Jakarta. Hasil: Didapatkan 88 pasien TO primer, terdiri dari 16 pasien berusia kurang dari 3 tahun dan 72 pasien berusia lebih dari 3 tahun, laki-laki 53% dan perempuan 47%. Anak usia kurang dari 3 tahun mengalami gejala sakit kepala (63%) dan kejang (56%), berdasarkan radiologis letak TO yang terbanyak adalah di cerebral ventrikel (25%) dan cerebellum (24%), berdasarkan histopatologis jenis TO yang terbanyak adalah Astrositoma (31%) dan Medulloblastoma (25%). Anak usia lebih dari 3 tahun mengalami gejala sakit kepala (81%) dan gangguan penglihatan (65%), berdasarkan radiologis letak TO yang terbanyak adalah di cerebellum (24%) dan suprasellar (10 %), berdasarkan histopatologis jenis TO yang terbanyak adalah Medulloblastoma (21%), Astrositoma (18%) dan Glioma (17%). Angka kehidupan TO adalah 37 %. Tidak didapatkan faktor prognostik TO yang bermakna. Kesimpulan: Gejala TO tersering adalah sakit kepala, berdasarkan radiologis letak tumor terbanyak adalah di cerebellum serta berdasarkan histopatologis jenis tumor terbanyak adalah Medulloblastoma dan Astrositoma. Tidak didapatkan faktor prognostik TO pada anak.

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ABSTRACT
Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm in children. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differ from those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology and histopathology features. Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features. and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child Department Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015. Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological dan histopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumor location, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared between under 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed until their death or until the end of October 2015. Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3 years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girls are 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%) and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebral ventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptoms of children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%), based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar (10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma (21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor. Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.;Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm in children. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differ from those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology and histopathology features. Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features. and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child Department Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015. Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological dan histopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumor location, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared between under 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed until their death or until the end of October 2015. Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3 years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girls are 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%) and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebral ventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptoms of children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%), based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar (10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma (21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor. Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.;Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm in children. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differ from those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology and histopathology features. Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features. and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child Department Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015. Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological dan histopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumor location, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared between under 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed until their death or until the end of October 2015. Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3 years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girls are 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%) and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebral ventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptoms of children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%), based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar (10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma (21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor. Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.;Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm in children. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differ from those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology and histopathology features. Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features. and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child Department Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015. Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological dan histopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumor location, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared between under 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed until their death or until the end of October 2015. Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3 years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girls are 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%) and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebral ventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptoms of children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%), based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar (10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma (21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor. Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.;Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm in children. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differ from those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology and histopathology features. Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features. and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child Department Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015. Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological dan histopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumor location, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared between under 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed until their death or until the end of October 2015. Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3 years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girls are 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%) and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebral ventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptoms of children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%), based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar (10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma (21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor. Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.;Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm in children. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differ from those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology and histopathology features. Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features. and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child Department Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015. Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological dan histopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumor location, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared between under 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed until their death or until the end of October 2015. Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3 years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girls are 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%) and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebral ventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptoms of children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%), based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar (10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma (21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor. Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.;Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm in children. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differ from those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology and histopathology features. Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features. and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child Department Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015. Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological dan histopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumor location, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared between under 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed until their death or until the end of October 2015. Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3 years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girls are 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%) and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebral ventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptoms of children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%), based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar (10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma (21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor. Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.;Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm in children. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differ from those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology and histopathology features. Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features. and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child Department Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015. Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological dan histopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumor location, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared between under 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed until their death or until the end of October 2015. Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3 years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girls are 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%) and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebral ventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptoms of children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%), based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar (10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma (21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor. Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.;Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm in children. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differ from those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology and histopathology features. Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features. and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child Department Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015. Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological dan histopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumor location, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared between under 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed until their death or until the end of October 2015. Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3 years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girls are 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%) and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebral ventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptoms of children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%), based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar (10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma (21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor. Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.;Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm in children. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differ from those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology and histopathology features. Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features. and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child Department Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015. Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological dan histopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumor location, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared between under 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed until their death or until the end of October 2015. Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3 years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girls are 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%) and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebral ventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptoms of children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%), based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar (10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma (21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor. Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor., Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm in children. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differ from those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology and histopathology features. Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features. and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child Department Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015. Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological dan histopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumor location, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared between under 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed until their death or until the end of October 2015. Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3 years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girls are 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%) and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebral ventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptoms of children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%), based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar (10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma (21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor. Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology the predominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.]

Abstrak :
Pendahuluan: Perdarahan Intraventrikel Intraventricular Hemorrhage / IVH merupakan perdarahan spontan yang terjadi di dalam sistem ventrikel, 30-45 sering berhubungan dengan Intracerebral Hemorrhage ICH . Evaluasi aktifitas sehari-hari yang akurat dan tepat pada pasien pasca stroke sangat penting untuk kualitas perawatan dan pengukuran luaran pasca perawatan stroke. Modified Rankin Scale mRS merupakan skala pengukuran disabilitas yang dipakai secara global untuk evaluasi pemulihan dari stroke. Tujuan: Menelaah data luaran penderita perdarahan intraventrikel yang dilakukan operasi di Departemen Bedah Saraf Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo berdasarkan mRS. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian retrospektif dengan desain potong lintang cross sectional . Adapun variabel independent yaitu lokasi lesi perdarahan intraserebral, IVH-skor, GCS awal, dan variabel dependent yaitu luaran berdasarkan skoring mRS. Subjek penelitian adalah semua pasien penderita perdarahan intraventrikel yang dikelola Departemen Bedah Saraf RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo selama periode Januari 2010 sampai dengan Agustus 2016. Jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini didapatkan 23 sampel. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui catatan rekam medis, subjek dihubungi via telepon, kemudian subjek atau keluarga diwawancara untuk menilai status fungsionalnya dengan mRS. Data diolah dengan menggunakan program SPSS 21. Hasil: Luaran 6 bulan IVH dengan menggunakan mRS secara keseluruhan didapatkan independent 11 pasien 47,8 dependent 4 pasien 17,3 dan 8 pasien meninggal 34,9 . IVH sebagian besar berusia di bawah 60 tahun 60,8 dan 39,2 yang berusia diatas 60 tahun, dari penelitian didapatkan IVH skor terbanyak adalah >15 sebanyak 15 pasien 65,2 . GCS rata-rata 7,6 2,14 . MAP terbanyak adalah >100 dengan jumlah 20 pasien 87 , dan faktor resiko yang mengalami hipertensi sebanyak 19 pasien 82,6. Diskusi: mRS dapat digunakan sebagai standar penilaian luaran IVH. ...... Introduction: Intraventricular hemorrhage IVH is a spontaneous hemorrhage occurring within the ventricular system, 30 40 often associated with Intracerebral hemorrhage ICH, Accurate and precise daily evaluating activity in post stroke patients is critical for the quality of care and measurement of post stroke outcomes. Modified Rankin Scale mRS is a global disability measurement scale used for the evaluation of stroke recovery. Aims: Configuring outcome data of patient with intraventricle hemorrhage operated at neurosurgery departmen of cm hospital based on mRS. Methods This was an observational study with cross sectional design. The independent variables are location of intracerebral hemorrhage lesion, IVH score, initial GCS, and dependent variable is outcome based on mRS scores. Subjects of research were all patients with intraventricular hemorrhage administered by Department of Neurosurgery Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital during January 2010 until August 2016 period. The number of samples in this study were obtained 23 samples. Research data was obtained through medical record and transferred into data entry format, patients was contacted by telephone, then patients or family were interviewed to assess their functional status with Modified Rankin Scale. Data is processed by using SPSS 21 program. Results: 6 months IVH overall outcomes are 11 independent patients 47.8 4 dependent patients 17.3 and 8 patients died 34.9. IVH were mostly under 60 years old 60,8 and 39,2 were aged over 60 years, from the study obtained IVH most scores were 15 as many as 15 patients 65.2. GCS averages 7.6 2.14 . Most MAPs were 100 with 20 patients 87, and hypertension risk factors were 19 patients 82.6. Discussion: mRS can be used as standard outcome assessment of IVH.