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Abstrak :
Ketoprofen merupakan golongan AINS non selektif COX-2 yang umum digunakan sebagai pengobatan rheumatoid arthritis. Ketoprofen umumnya digunakan dalam bentuk sediaan oral, tetapi pemberian secara oral dapat menyebabkan ketoprofen mengalami first pass metabolism. Oleh karena itu, pemberian obat diubah melalui rute transdermal mikroemulsi agar dapat meningkatkan kelarutan ketoprofen pada penelitian ini. Namun, penetrasi ketoprofen obat secara transdermal tidak efisien, sehingga diperlukan penambahan kamfer sebagai peningkat penetrasi. Peneltian ini betujuan untuk memperoleh formulasi dengan stabilitas fisik yang optimum setelah diberikan penambahan kamfer dan melihat pengaruh kamfer pada berbagai konsentrasi terhadap penetrasi transdermal ketoprofen dalam sediaan mikroemulsi. Sediaan mikroemulsi dihasilkan dengan konsentrasi smix 45% dengan rasio smix 5:4 (25% tween 80: 20% propilen glikol), Virgin Coconut Oil 3%, etanol 3%, metil paraben 0,3%, propil paraben 0,05%, BHT 0,1%, dan konsentrasi kamfer 0% pada FA8, 1% pada FB8, 3% pada FC8, dan 5% pada FD8. Evaluasi keempat formulasi mikroemulsi dilakukan dengan pengukuran globul sediaan, tegangan permukaan, pH, viskositas, bobot jenis, pengamatan uji stabilitas fisik, cycling test, dan uji sentrifugasi. Uji penetrasi ketoprofen menunjukkan bahwa persentase jumlah kumulatif ketoprofen yang terpenetrasi pada FA8, FB8, FC8, dan FD8 secara berturut-turut sebesar 12,17%, 36,75%, 31,94%, 21,46%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa keempat mikroemulsi yang dihasilkan jernih dan stabil selama pengamatan. Pada hasil uji penetrasi obat kumulatif, tingkat penetrasi pada FB8 yang mengandung kamfer sebesar 1% memberikan jumlah penetrasi zat aktif yang paling tinggi. .....Ketoprofen is a COX-2 non-selective NSAID which is commonly used as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Ketoprofen is generally used in oral dosage forms, but oral administration can cause ketoprofen to undergo first pass metabolism. Therefore, the administration was changed to transdermal microemulsion dosage form to increase the solubility of ketoprofen in this study. However, transdermal penetration of ketoprofen is not efficient, so the addition of camphor is needed as a penetration enhancer. This study aims to obtain a formulation with optimal physical stability after the addition of camphor and to see the effect of camphor at various concentrations on transdermal penetration of ketoprofen in microemulsion preparations. Microemulsion preparation was produced from 45% smix concentration with a 5:4 smix ratio (25% tween 80: 20% propylene glycol), 3% Virgin Coconut Oil, 3% ethanol, 0,3% methyl paraben, 0,05% propyl paraben, 0,1% BHT, and the concentration of 0% camphor on FA8, 1% on FB8, 3% on FC8, and 5% on FD8. The evaluation of four ketoprofen microemulsion formulations with the following smix ratio and camphor concentrations was carried out by examinating size of globule, surface tension, pH, viscosity, specific gravity, physical stability, cycling, and centrifugation. Ketoprofen penetration test showed the cumulative penetration of the FA8, FB8, FC8, and FD8 formulation were 12,17%, 36,75%, 31,94%, and 21,46%, respectively. To conclude, the four microemulsion preparations were clear and stable. Cumulative drug penetration test showed the penetration rate of FB8 with 1% camphor gave the highest penetration result.

Abstrak :
Kristal minyak kapur diisolasi dari minyak Dryobalanops aromatica kemudian dioksidasi menjadi camphor. Camphor kemudian direaksikan dengan thiosemicarbazide, etil-2-chloroacetoacetate dan katalis NaOAc untuk membentuk camphor thiazole. Kemudian, senyawa tersebut direaksikan dengan hydrazine/phenylhydrazine. Kristal minyak kapur, kristal camphor, camphor thiazole, camphor thiazole hydrazine dan camphor thiazole phenylhydrazine berhasil disintesis dengan %yield masing-masing adalah 1,50%; 15,84%; 3,48%; 58,21% dan 32,65% serta dikarakterisasi menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT), FT-IR, UV-Vis, dan GC-MS/LC-MS. Aktivitas antioksidan diukur menggunakan metode radikal bebas DPPH. Diketahui bahwa minyak kapur, Kristal minyak kapur, Camphor thiazole Hydrazine dan Camphor thiazole Phenylhydrazine memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai IC50 secara berurutan sebesar 4293 ppm, >10.000 ppm, 6,93 ppm dan 8,80 ppm. camphor thiazole hydrazine memiliki aktivitas antioksidan paling kuat, krsital camphor tidak menunjukan aktivitas antioksidan, sedangkan camphor thiazole tidak cocok untuk dilakukan pengukuran antioksidan dengan menggunakan metode radikal bebas DPPH. Aktivitas antidiabetes diukur menggunakan enzim alfa glukosidase. Diketahui camphor thiazole, camphor thiazole hydrazine dan camphor thiazole phenylhydrazine memiliki nilai IC50 berurutan adalah 869,06 ppm, >2000 ppm dan 1893,40 ppm. Senyawa camphor thiazole diketahui memiliki aktivitas inhibisi yang paling baik terhadap enzim alfa glucosidase ......Camphor crystals were isolated from Dryobalanops aromatica oil. Camphor were reacting with thiosemicarbazide, ethyl-2-chloroacetoacetate and NaOAc catalyst to form camphor thiazole. This compound then reacted with hydrazine/phenylhydrazine. D. aromatica crystals, camphor crystals, camphor thiazole, camphor thiazole hydrazine and camphor thiazole phenylhydrazine were successfully synthesized with %yields of 1.50%; 15.84%; 3.48%; 58.21% and 32.65%, respectively and characterized using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), FT-IR, UV-Vis, and GC-MS/LC-MS. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH free radical method. It is known that D. aromatica oil, D. aromatica crystals, camphor thiazole hydrazine and camphor thiazole phenylhydrazine have antioxidant activity with IC50 values ​​of 4293 ppm, >10,000 ppm, 6.93 ppm and 8.80 ppm, respectively. camphor thiazole hydrazine has the strongest antioxidant activity, camphor crystals do not show antioxidant activity, while camphor thiazole is not suitable for measuring antioxidants using the DPPH free radical method. Antidiabetic activity was measured using the alpha glucosidase enzyme. It is known that camphor thiazole, camphor thiazole hydrazine and camphor thiazole phenylhydrazine have IC50 values ​ 869.06 ppm, >2000 ppm and 1893.40 ppm, respectively. Camphor thiazole are known to have the best inhibitory activity against the alpha glucosidase enzyme.