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"ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the enviromental and economic impacts of introducing CO2 taxation on carbon-based fuels using a detailed disaggregation of energy-economy-enviromental CGE model for Indonesia. The carbon tax has yet to beimplemented in Indonesia. However, this instrument has been considered in the ministry of finance report as one of the goverment's fiscal strategic framework to finance the country's action plan in commitments to reduce the GHG emissions. Suppose that the goverment levies the tax of Rp.100,000/ton CO2e under two possible revenue-recycling scenarios: the carbon tax revenue is recycled troght a reduction of labour income tax rate or an incrase of goverment spending on commodities. For comparison purpose, we also implement the non-compensated scenario of which the additional revenue from carbon tax is kept as goverment savings to run budget surplus. Overall, the results suggested that the carbon tax reduces the national emissions but adding more cost to the economy, resulting a fall in GDP. in term of income distribution, the carbon tax tends to be progressive in bth scenarios of revenue-recycling. However, when there is no compensating mechanism, the carbon tax tends to be reggresive - the poorer houshols carry a higher share of the carbon tax burden."

"Seiring dengan meningkatnya intensitas dampak negatif dari perubahan iklim, berbagai negara telah melakukan usaha untuk mengurangi emisi karbondioksida. Salah satu usaha yang dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan kebijakan pajak karbon dalam perekonomian. Studi ini menganalisis potensi dampak penerapan pajak karbon pada penggunaan bahan bakar energi terhadap kenaikan harga dalam setiap sektor ekonomi di Indonesia. Studi ini juga menganalisis distribusi dampak kenaikan indeks biaya hidup untuk kelompok rumah tangga di masing-masing desil. Analisis pada studi ini dilakukan dengan mengembangkan Indonesian Energy Social Accounting Matrix 2015 dan matriks pengganda harga pada simulasi. Hasil dari studi ini menunjukkan dampak pajak karbon lebih merugikan rumah tangga perkotaan dibandingkan pedesaan. Selain itu, pajak karbon ditemukan bersifat regresif dengan regresivitas di perkotaan yang lebih kuat. Dari semua sektor dalam perekonomian, kenaikan harga terbesar akibat penerapan pajak karbon dialami oleh sektor listrik. Maka dari itu, penerapan kebijakan pajak karbon harus dipertimbangkan secara matang dan disertai dengan kebijakan komplemen untuk mencegah dampak regresivitas yang muncul.

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Along with the increasing intensity of the negative impacts from climate change phenomenon, many countries have their best efforts to reduce their carbondioxide emissions. One of the efforts is by implementing carbon tax in the economy. This study analyzed the potential impact from the implementation of carbon tax in fuel usage on sectoral price changes in Indonesia. It also investigated the distributional impacts of households living expenses. The analysis in the study developed the Indonesian Energy Social Accounting Matrix 2015 as well as price multiplier matrix in the simulations. The results of this study showed that the impact of carbon tax was found more detrimental to urban households than rural households. In addition, carbon tax was found to be regressive with stronger regressivity in urban households. Of all production sectors, the carbon tax had the most substantial impact on electricity sector. Therefore, the carbon tax policy should be carefully considered before its implementation and accompanied by complementary policies to prevent the negative impacts of regressivity."