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Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Pajak karbon adalah salah satu kebijakan untuk mengatasi pemanasan global di negara maju. Tetapi, apakah kebijakan itu juga bisa diterapkan di negara berkembang masih menjadi perdebatan. Tesis ini menganalisa masalah-masalah yang memperlambat perkembangan proposal pajak karbon di Indonesia. Thesis ini menggunakan pendekatan kritis terhadap pengalaman penerapan pajak carbon di negara lain dan data pengeluaran untuk memprediksi efek dari penerapan carbon tax pada sektor rumah tangga di Indonesia. Selain itu, tesis ini juga menggunakan perbandingan akibat dari penerapan pajak karbon dengan kebijakan pencabutan subsidi terhadap bahan bakar. Hasil dari tesis ini mengindikasikan bahwa pelaksanaan pajak karbon di Indonesia akan memberikan beban pajak yang lebih terhadap rumah tangga miskin di areal pedesaan. Tesis ini juga memetakan beberapa faktor yang menghambat perkembangan rencana penerapan pajak karbon di Indonesia dan memberikan gambaran alternatif solusi untuk menangani masalah tersebut.

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ABSTRACT
A carbon tax is one policy actions used to combat global warming in developed countries. However, whether it is also applicable to developing countries is debatable. This paper analyzes problems, which slow down the progress of carbon tax proposal in Indonesia. It critically reviews the experiences of other countries and uses expenditure data to predict likely impacts on households. It also relates the effect with the removal of fuel subsidy policy. The results indicate that the carbon tax would give more tax burden on poor households in the rural areas. The paper also describes some factors that hamper the carbon tax proposal in Indonesia and depicts some alternative suggestions to address the problems, A carbon tax is one policy actions used to combat global warming in developed countries. However, whether it is also applicable to developing countries is debatable. This paper analyzes problems, which slow down the progress of carbon tax proposal in Indonesia. It critically reviews the experiences of other countries and uses expenditure data to predict likely impacts on households. It also relates the effect with the removal of fuel subsidy policy. The results indicate that the carbon tax would give more tax burden on poor households in the rural areas. The paper also describes some factors that hamper the carbon tax proposal in Indonesia and depicts some alternative suggestions to address the problems]

Abstrak :
Secara teoritis, carbon pricing – yang umumnya terdiri dari pajak karbon dan sistem perdagangan emisi – adalah kebijakan yang efektif dalam mengurangi emisi. Akan tetapi, terdapat isu apakah carbon pricing  berhasil menurunkan emisi dalam prakteknya. Isu lainnya adalah carbon pricing menyebabkan penurunan pada Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) dan memperburuk ketimpangan pendapatan. Menggunakan regresi data panel fixed effect dan menjadikan negara G20 sebagai studi kasus, studi ini menunjukkan bahwa pengimplementasian pajak karbon dan sistem perdagangan emisi secara bersamaan mengakibatkan penurunan emisi, tetapi disaat yang bersamaan menyebabkan penurunan PDB dan memperburuk distribusi pendapatan. Membedakan dan membandingkan dampak pajak karbon dan sistem perdagangan emisi secara terpisah, studi ini menemukan bahwa tidak pajak karbon maupun sistem perdagangan emisi memberikan dampak yang menguntungkan pada emisi, PDB, dan ketimpangan pendapatan secara bersamaan. Meskipun penurunan emisi dari pajak karbon lebih rendah daripada sistem perdagangan emisi dan telah terbukti bahwa pajak karbon menyebabkan penurunan PDB, akan tetapi pengimplementasian pajak karbon menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan. Sebaliknya, sistem perdagangan emisi yang penurunan emisinya lebih besar dibandingkan dengan pajak karbon justru malah meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan. Dengan demikian, pengimplementasian carbon pricing memberikan tantangan bagi pengambil kebijakan untuk bagaimana dampak negatif dari pengimplementasian carbon pricing dapat diminimalisir. ......Theoretically, carbon pricing – which in general consists of carbon tax and Emissions Trading System (ETS) – is an effective policy in reducing emissions. However, there is an issue whether in practice carbon pricing has been successful in reducing emissions. Another issue is carbon pricing would induce a decrease in GDP and worsen income inequality. Using fixed effect panel data regression and utilized G20 countries as the case study, this study revealed that the implementation of carbon tax and ETS simultaneously has been effective in reducing emissions, while at the same time induced decrease in GDP and worsening income inequality. Differentiating and comparing the impact of carbon tax and ETS separately, this study found neither carbon tax nor ETS provide favorable outcomes on emissions, GDP, and income inequality simultaneously. Although the emissions reduction from carbon tax is lower than the ETS and it is proven that carbon tax implementation reduces GDP, but the implementation decreases income inequality. In contrast, ETS which provide larger emissions reduction compared to the carbon tax result in higher income inequality. Thus, the carbon pricing implementation leaves policymakers the challenges on how to reduce the adverse impact due to the implementation.