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Abstrak :
Pengaruh Konsentrasi Mg2+ dan Fe2+ dalam Media Kultur terhadap Pembentukan CGF oleh Mikroalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa INK dan Analisis Asam Amino dengan Kromatografi Cair-Spektrofotometri Massa. Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa ) mengandung Chlorella Growth Factor (CGF), yang terdiri dari protein dan polisakarida. CGF terletak di dalam inti sel dan bermanfaat bagi manusia sebagai suplemen makanan, booster imunitas, dan antioksidan. Pembentukan CGF oleh C. pyrenoidosa dipengaruhi oleh komposisi medium. C. pyrenoidosa INK dikultur dalam media basal dimodifikasi (MBM) dengan berbagai konsentrasi Mg2+ (0,5, 1,0, dan 1,5 g/L) dan Fe2+ (3,5×10-4 dan 5,0×10-4 g/L). Percobaan dilakukan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dalam botol 2L dengan tiga kali pengulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa MBM mengandung Mg2+ 1.0 g/L dan Fe2+ 3.5×10-4 g/L menghasilkan kurva pertumbuhan C. pyrenoidosa yang optimal. Analisis kandungan protein dilakukan dengan metode Lowry menggunakan spektrofotometer pada λ=750 nm, menghasilkan 0,0974 mg/mL (ekstrak) dan 6,4097 mg/mL (supernatan). Selanjutnya, analisis kadar glukosa dilakukan dengan metode fenol sulfat (λ=490 nm), hasil yang diperoleh 49,331 ppm (ekstrak) dan 1566,911 ppm (supernatan). Analisis asam amino dalam CGF menggunakan spektrometri massa kromatografi cair (KC-SM) menunjukkan adanya tirosin, prolin, asam glutamat, alanin, valin, triptopan, fenilalanin, metionin, dan leusin-isoleusin.

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Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) contains Chlorella Growth Factor (CGF), which consists of protein and polysaccharides. CGF is located inside the nucleus of cells and is beneficial to humans as a food supplement, an immunity booster, and an antioxidant. CGF formation of C. pyrenoidosa is influenced by medium composition. C. pyrenoidosa INK was cultured in a modified basal medium (MBM) with various concentrations of Mg2+ (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g/L) and Fe2+ (3.5×10-4 and 5.0×10-4 g/L). The experiments were run and analyzed under a completely randomized design using a 2-L bottle with three replications. The results showed that MBM with 1.0 g/L of Mg2+ and 3.5×10-4 g/L of Fe2+ yielded the optimal growth curve for C. pyrenoidosa. Analysis of protein content was carried out using the Lowry method with a spectrophotometer at λ=750 nm, and the obtained results were 0.0974 mg/mL (extract) and 6.4097 mg/ml (supernatant). Furthermore, analysis of glucose content was carried out using the phenol sulfate method (λ = 490 nm), and the obtained results were 49.331 ppm (extract) and 1566.911 ppm (supernatant). Analysis of amino acids in CGF using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) indicated the presence of tyrosine, proline, glutamate, alanine, valine, tryptopan, phenylalanine, methionine, and leucine-isoleucine.

Abstrak :
Deteksi Infeksi Submikroskopis Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, dan Ascaris lumbricoides dari Sampel Feses di Nangapanda, Ende, Menggunakan Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Infeksi dari Soil-Transmitted Helminthes (STH) (N. americanus, A. duodenale (Hookworm), dan A. lumbricoides) dapat menyebabkan anemia, kekurangan zat besi, bahkan malnutrisi. Pemeriksaan infeksi STH dapat dilakukan menggunakan mikroskop, tetapi metode tersebut masih kurang sensitif. Penelitian bertujuan mendeteksi dan mengetahui persentase infeksi submikroskopis STH dari sampel feses anak (usia 5-18 tahun) di Nangapanda, Ende menggunakan metode real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sampel feses dikoleksi sebanyak dua kali, yaitu sebelum dan sesudah pemberian albendazole 400 mg. Total sampel yang diperoleh adalah 242 tetapi hanya 45 sampel yang negatif secara mikroskopis yang diuji dengan real-time PCR. DNA sampel diisolasi dan diamplifikasi menggunakan primer dari daerah internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1 dan ITS-2) rDNA. Deteksi dengan real-time PCR menghasilkan kurva amplifikasi pada fluorophore VIC, FAM, dan Texas Red. Sebanyak tiga sampel (6,7%) pada pre treatment termasuk low load of DNA (N. americanus and A. lumbricoides) (Ct > 35), empat sampel (9,1%) termasuk low load of DNA untuk N. americanus saja (Ct > 35), dan lima sampel (11,4%) termasuk moderate load of DNA untuk A. lumbricoides saja (30 < Ct < 35) pada post treatment. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa real-time PCR dapat mendeteksi infeksi submikroskopis dari Hookworm dan A. lumbricoides.

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Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections (Necator americanus (hookworm), Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm), and Ascaris lumbricoides) can lead to anemia, malnutrition, and iron deficiency. Traditionally, STH infections have been diagnosed using microscopy to detect eggs in human fecal samples. However, there are several limitations of this method. The aim of this research was to detect the percentage of submicroscopic STH infections from human fecal samples (children, 5?18 years old) in Nangapanda, Ende, using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The fecal samples were collected in two time periods, which were before and after treatment, using 400 mg of Albendazole. There were 242 samples in total, but only 45 negative samples from microscopic detection were tested with real-time PCR. The DNA samples were isolated and amplified wih primers of internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1 and ITS-2) region of rDNA. The detection of samples with real-time PCR generated an amplification curve in VIC, FAM, and Texas Red fluorophore. Three samples (6.7%) in pre-treatment were low load of DNA (N. americanus and A. lumbricoides) (Ct > 35). Four samples (9.1%) were low load of DNA (N. americanus) (Ct > 35) in post-treatment. Five samples (11.4%) were moderate load of DNA (A. lumbricoides) (30 < Ct < 35) in post-treatment. real-time PCR could detect submicroscopic infections from specific species of hookworm and A. lumbricoides.

Abstrak :
Sintesis Tris(4-Metoksifenil)Fenilsilan Menggunakan Fenilsilan dan 4-Iodida Anisol dengan Katalis Senyawa Kompleks Paladium. Sintesis tris(4-metoksifenil)fenilsilan melalui reaksi kopling antara fenilsilan dan 4-iodida anisol menggunakan senyawa paladium tersier tributilfosfin sebagai katalis telah dilakukan berdasarkan penentuan senyawa basa, pelarut, dan waktu reaksi kopling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa senyawa tris(4-metoksifenil)fenilsilan dapat disintesis menghasilkan persentase produk maksimum pada penggunaan senyawa 1,4-diazabisiko[2,2,2]oktan (DABCO) sebagai basa, tetrahidrofuran sebagai pelarut, dan waktu reaksi kopling selama 5 hari. Persentase tertinggi produk senyawa tris(4-metoksifenil)fenilsilan adalah 35%.

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The synthesis of tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylsilan through the coupling reaction of phenylsilane and 4-iodoanisole using palladium tertiary tributylphosphine as a catalyst was carried out through the determination of the base, solvent, and reaction time. The results showed that tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylsilane can be synthesized to form maximum yield using 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (DABCO) as a base, tetrahydrofuran as a solvent, and a 5-day reaction time. The highest yield of tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylsilane was 35%.

Abstrak :
Sifat Panas, Kristalinitas, dan Permeabilitas Oksigen Film Poly(lactic acid) Terplastisasi diperkuat Na- montmorillonite. Pembuatan film komposit poly(lactic acid) terplastisasi PEG400 dengan bahan penguat Na- monrmorillonite (NA-MMT) dilakukan dengan metode direct casting. Film komposit PLA terplastisasi dilakukan uji struktur komposit, sifat panas, derajat kristalinitas dan permeabilitas terhadap oksigen. Pengujian sifat panas dan penghitungan derajat kristal diperoleh dari pengukuran differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), analisis struktur komposit menggunakan xray diffraction (XRD) dan pengukuran permeabilitas oksigen menggunakan dynamic accumulation method. Film komposit PLA terplastisasi dengan bahan penguat Na-MMT menunjukkan terjadinya interkalasi polimer Na-MMT dengan pergeseran sudut difraksi sebesar 0.2o. Stuktur kristal yang terbentuk memiliki bentuk alpha dan derajat kristal film komposit meningkat dari 34% menjadi 52%. Parameter sifat panas film PLA terplastisasi dengan bahan penguat Na-MMT mengalami perbaikan suhu transisi gelas dari 53 °C menjadi 57 °C meskipun suhu leleh tidak mengalami perubahan tetap bekisar pada nilai 167 °C. Peran Na-MMT membentuk jalur liku sebesar 20% sehingga terjadi peningkatan daya halang oksigen film komposit PLA terplastisasi yang ditunjukkan dengan penurunan nilai permeabilitas sebesar 80%. Penambahan Na-MMT sebesar 3% dalam pembuatan film komposit PLA terplastisasi cukup untuk mendapatkan keseimbangan perbaikan sifat panas, kristalisasi, dan daya halang oksigen.

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Introducing unmodified organically clay/Na-montmorillonite (Na-MMT) was applied into plasticized poly(lactic acid) PLA to produce film composites by direct casting. Film composite structure, the crystallinity degree and form, and thermal properties were carried out using X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The effect of Na- MMT to the tortuous path and the crystallinity degree in the plasticized film composites were calculated in oxygen barrier properties. Chromatogram film composites resulted in an intercalated structure that showed peak diffraction angle shift at about 0.2o. Then, a peak diffraction pattern was indicated in α-form crystal structure. Plasticized PLA has a crystallinity degree at 34%, and the addition of Na-MMT increased to 52%. Glass transition temperature improved from 53 °C to 57 °C, and melting temperature remained stable at 167 °C. Filling Na-MMT into plasticized PLA caused to enhance a tortuous path about 28% and improved the oxygen permeability to 80%. As a result, the addition of Na- MMT of 3% into plasticized PLA during film composite preparation using the mixing method resulted in balancing properties related to the crystallinity degree, thermal properties, and oxygen barrier properties.

Abstrak :
The genus Aglaia is a a rich source of different compounds with interesting biological activities. A part of our continuing search for novel biologically active compounds from Indonesia Aglaia plants, the ethyl acetate extract of bark of Aglaia eximia showed significant antioxidant activity. Four antioxidant compounds, kaempferol (1), kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (2), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside (3) and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucosyl-(1→4)-α- L rhamnoside (4) were isolated from the bark of Aglaia eximia (Meliaceae). The chemical structures of compounds 1-4 were identified on the basis of spectroscopic datas including UV, IR, NMR and MS along with by comparison with those spectra datas previously reported. All compounds showed DPPH radical-scavenging activity with IC50 values of 1.18, 6.34, 8.17, 10.63 μg/mL, respectively.

Abstrak :
Biosorpsi Ion Timah Hitam (II) Menggunakan Sansevieria trifasciata Prain. Sansevieria trifasciata (yang dikenal sebagai tumbuhan ular atau lidah mertua) diduga dapat menjadi biosorben logam berat. Konsentrasi ion logam Pb (II) sebelum dan sesudah biosorpsi diukur dengan spektrofotometer serapan atom (SSA). Optimasi kemampuan S. trifasciata sebagai biosorben dilakukan menggunakan metode respon surface dengan variasi pada massa tumbuhan, pH larutan, waktu kontak, dan suhu. Kondisi biosorpsi optimal diperoleh pada pH 7, waktu 240 menit dan berat S. trifasciata 1.5 g dengan kapasitas biosorpsi Pb (II) sebesar 0.725 mg/g. Analisis isoterm adsorpsi menunjukkan biosorpsi mengikuti model isotherm Freundlich. Spektrum FTIR daun lidah mertua setelah diperlakukan larutan timah hitam (II) memperlihatkan intensitas puncak pada daerah 2130/cm. Mikrograf daun lidah mertua memperlihatkan struktur berpori dengan ukuran yang tidak seragam. Penyerapan Pb (II) pada serbuk daun S. trifasciata diketahui melalui analisis SEM EDX. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa S. trifasciata dapat digunakan sebagai biosorben untuk menghilangkan kontaminasi ion Pb.

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Sansevieria trifasciata (also called snake plant or mother in law?s tongue) is predicted to act as a heavy metal biosorbent. S. trifasciata was optimized as a biosorbent by using the response surface method with varying weights of S. trifasciata, pH of Pb (II) solutions, contact times, and temperatures. The ion concentration before and after biosorption was measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The optimum biosorption conditions were pH 7, 240 min contact time, and 1.5 g biosorbent with biosorption capacity of Pb (II) ions 0.725 mg/g. The biosorption isotherm analysis showed that the biosorption is consistent with the Freundlich isotherm model. The peak intensity of the FTIR spectrum of S. trifasciata after treatment with Pb (II) was around 2130/cm. The S. trifasciata micrograph showed a porous structure with non-uniform pore sizes. The biosorption of Pb (II) ions on powdered S. trifasciata leaves was found with the SEM EDX analysis. It is concluded from this research that S. trifasciata can be used as a biosorbent to remove Pb ion contamination.