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"Pemberdayaan perempuan menjadi salah satu faktor penting dalam pembangunan. Kurangnya pemberdayaan perempuan dapat menyebabkan hasil negatif pada kesehatan dan kematian anak. Kesehatan anak menjadi bagian dari sustainable development goals (2030) yang dapat dilihat melalui penurunan angka kematian bayi dan balita. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai pengaruh pemberdayaan perempuan terhadap kematian balita setelah di kontrol dengan variabel umur ibu, daerah tempat tinggal, pendidikan suami, jarak lahir, paritas, status imunisasi dasar, dan berat lahir. Sampel berjumlah 16.409 perempuan berusia 15-49 tahun yang terakhir melahirkan pada periode tahun 2012-2017 diambil dari SDKI 2017. Pemberdayaan perempuan diukur dengan menggunakan indeks komposit yang dibangun dari empat indikator yaitu tingkat pendidikan, status pekerjaan, partisipasi dalam pengambilan keputusan rumah tangga dan sikap istri terhadap pemukulan yang dilakukan suami dengan menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Selanjutnya, estimasi pengaruh pemberdayaan perempuan terhadap kematian balita menggunakan model regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pemberdayaan perempuan berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kematian balita setelah dikontrol dengan umur ibu saat melahirkan, jarak lahir, dan berat lahir. Komponen pemberdayaan perempuan yaitu status pekerjaan (p <0,001; AOR: 1,49 ; 95% CI: 1,21-1,83) memiliki pengaruh secara statistik dengan kematian balita, sedangkan faktor tingkat pendidikan (p 0,666; AOR: 0,93; 95% CI: 0,72-1,30), partisipasi dalam pengambilan keputusan keluarga (p 0,732; AOR: 1,08; 95% CI: 0,68-1,72), dan sikap istri terhadap pemukulan yang dilakukan suami (p 0,806; AOR: 1,03; 95% CI: 0,83-1,26) tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan dengan kematian balita. Hal ini menekankan pentingnya pemberdayaan perempuan untuk mengurangi kematian balita.

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Women’s empowerment has generally been recognized as one of the most important factors for development. A lack of empowerment may lead to negative outcomes on child health and mortality. Child health being part of sustainable development goals (2030) can be traced through reduced infant and under five mortality rates. The present study is an attempt to examine the association between women’s empowerment and under five mortality. Sample of 16.409 women aged 15-49 years who had their last childbirth in period 2012-2017 were drawn from 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. Composite index was considered to measure women’s empowerment. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been employed to measure women's empowerment using four indicators, namely education level, employment status, participation in household decision-making and attitude toward wife beating. Adjusted associations between women’s empowerment and under five mortality were examined using binary logistic regression by controlling the influence of socioeconomic and biodemographic variables as potential confounders. The findings from multivariate analysis indicated statistically significant associations between women empowerment and under five mortality after controlled by maternal age, birth interval, and birth weight. Working women were 1,49 times more likely to experienced under-five mortality (95% CI=1,21-1,83). However, education level, participation in household decision-making and attitude toward wife beating were not associated with under-five mortality. This highlights the importance of women’s empowerment by increasing women’s educational level, participation in labor force, and reducing women’s vulnerability to domestic violence in efforts to reduce infant mortality.

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"This study investigates the relationship between the level of socio-economic development and infant and child mortality in India. The perspective of this study is based on the "Theory of Demographic Transition" which states that improved public health programs and technological and medical advances bring down the level of mortality. The study tests the following major hypothesis: the higher level the level of socio-economic development, the lower the infant and child mortality rates among the states in India. The study applies correlation and multiple regression analysis to data collected by the National Family Health Survey 1992-1993, one of the most comprehensive surveys of its kind ever conducted in India by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India. The finding support the theory of demographic transition in large measure revealing that the overall socio-economic development is inversely related to infant and child mortality rates among the states of India."

" The study attempted to identify important ejects ofdemographic characteristics on infant and child mortality. The datafor the study was collected in 2004 under the project of the UNFPAentitled "Strengthening the Department of Population Science andHuman Resource Development" of Rajshahi University,Bangladesh. Application of logistic regression model suggests thatdemographic factors are associated with the chance of cliildsurvival. Breastfeeding and immunization practice of children hashighly significant effects on infant and child mortality among all theincluded demographic variables. The results show that the risk ofinfant and child mortality was higher for children whose mothernever breastfed than for children who were breastfed. The analysisresults also show that the children who got full immunizations hadlower risks of infant and child mortality than those who were notimmunized at all. Similarly, risk of infant and child mortalitygradually declined as both mother ?s age at marriage and mother 'sage at birth increased"

"Contraception is an integral dimension of women'shealth both of them are components of the broader- objectives offamily planning and life long well-being i.e., controlling ones lifepattern. Research data indicates of decline in fertility rates. infantmortality and child mortality rates with womens' development andeconomic advancement, women ?s acknowledge the need forcontraception and limiting the number of pregnancies. This studyused the Indian National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2, l 998-99),2000, for currently married women aged l5-49 years. The objectiveof the study is to explore the substantial impact of the use moderncontraceptive methods on fertility, infant and child mortality ratesin India. The knowledge of modern contraceptive methods is nearlyuniform (99%) among the currently married women irrespective oftheir socioeconomic and geographical affiliation. The practice ofcontraception does not only reduce the fertility, infant, and childmortality rates, but also has major impact on the quality of theirlives and reproductive health status. The strong, consistent, andnegative significant eject of family planning methods have beenobserved on aggregate decline of fertility. infant, and childmortality. The socioeconomic background of women (education,religion, and standard of living) influenced the practice of familyplanning methods significantly. The use of family planning methodssubsequently help to bring down the fertility, infant, and childmortality rates."