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Abstrak :
Rawls mendefinisikan pembangkangan sipil sebagai pelanggaran hukum yang dianggap publik, non kekerasan dan conscientious yang berusaha membawa perubahan dalam hukum serta kebijakan pemerintahan. Seiring perkembangan zaman, pembangkangan sipil tidak hanya secara ekslusif dilakukan dalam ruang fisik saja, melainkan juga ruang siber. Bentuk pembangkangan sipil dalam ruang siber terutama dilakukan melalui peretasan, yang dinamakan sebagai hacktivism atau electronic civil disobedience (ECD). Dalam perkembangan hacktivisme, muncul berbagai macam pro dan kontra terutama dalam permasalahan justifikasi dan generalisasi aksi yang dilakukan. Hacktivisme sendiri sangatlah beragam, dari serangan DDoS dan defacing hingga whistleblowing. Dari variasi aksi hacktivisme sendiri, diperlukannya analisis secara matang dengan mengkategorisasikan serangan ke dalam serangan yang dapat dianggap sebagai pembangkangan sipil dan juga serangan yang hanya berbentuk resistensi biasa yang cenderung justru menghasilkan kerugian tanpa menghasilkan manfaat apapun terhadap misi yang dilakukan. Pembahasan aksi DDoS dan defacing menggunakan berbagai contoh kasus yang terjadi di Indonesia, dengan maraknya penggunaan teknik ini sebagai bentuk perlawanan. Metode yang lebih terarah seperti whistleblowing dan leaking seperti yang dilakukan Aaron Swartz dan Snowden dijadikan contoh dalam mengkomparasi berbagai bentuk hacktivisme serta resistensi digital. ......Rawls defines civil disobedience as a violation of the law that is considered public, non-violent, and conscientious that seeks to bring about changes in laws and government policies. Along with the times, civil disobedience is not only carried out exclusively in the physical space, but also in cyberspace. Forms of civil disobedience in cyberspace are mainly carried out through hacking, which is known as hacktivism or electronic civil disobedience (ECD). In the development of hacktivism, various pros and cons emerged, especially in the issue of justification and generalization of the actions taken. Hacktivism itself is very diverse, from DDoS attacks and defacing to whistleblowing. From the variety of hacktivism actions themselves, careful analysis is needed by categorizing attacks into attacks that can be considered civil disobedience and also attacks that are only in the form of ordinary resistance 2 which tends to produce losses without producing any benefits for the mission carried out. The discussion of DDoS and defacing actions uses various examples of cases in the world, with the widespread use of this technique as a form of resistance. More targeted methods such as whistleblowing and leaking such as Aaron Swartz’s and Snowden’s are used as examples in comparing various forms of hacktivism and digital resistance.

Abstrak :
This volume is a lively and scholarly illustrated account of the tumultuous events in key countries in the Middle East and North Africa during and since the period of the Arab Spring that began in December 2010.

Abstrak :
In this study of Mahatma Gandhi, psychoanalyst Erik H. Erikson explores how Gandhi succeeded in mobilizing the Indian people both spiritually and politically as he became the revolutionary innovator of militant non-violence and India became the motherland of large-scale civil disobedience.