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"Contents:Early forms of liability;The criminal law;Trepass and negligencm;Praud, malice, and intent;The bailee at common law; Possession and ownership;Contract - history ..."

"ABSTRAKPerkawinan adalah sah, apabila dilakukan menurut hukum masing-masing agama dan kepercayaannya, perkawinan dicatat menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Kenyataan di masyarakat terjadi penyimpangan terhadap ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan, dengan melakukan perkawinan di bawah tangan. Apakah alasan suami istri memilih melakukan perkawinan di bawah tangan di kota Bengkulu? Apa akibat hukum dari perkawinan tersebut terhadap istri, anak dan harta bersama? Bagaimana prosedur hukum yang harus dilalui oleh suami istri bila ingin meningkatkan status perkawinan di bawah tangan menjadi perkawinan sah?. Penelitian kepustakaan yang didukung dengan data dari lapangan berupa wawancara dengan nara sumber yang kompeten. Alasan seseorang melakukan perkawinan dibawah tangan karena biaya mahal, suami yang melakukan poligami, Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang tunduk pada PP Nomor 10 Tahun 1983 direvisi PP Nomor 45 Tahun 1990, alasan agama untuk menghindari perbuatan zina dan belum diakui oleh negara suatu penganut Kepercayaan sebagai agama. Akibat hukum dari perkawinan di bawah tangan terhadap status istri, yaitu tidak dianggap sebagai istri sah, tidak berhak atas warisan dan pensiunan suami, apabila terjadinya perceraian istri tidak berhak atas harta bersama. Terhadap status anak dianggap sebagai anak luar kawin, anak hanya mempunyai hubungan perdata dengan ibu dan keluarga ibunya. Terhadap harta bersama, tidak ada harta bersama. Prosedur hukum yang dilalui suami istri bila ingin meningkatkan status perkawinan di bawah tangan menjadi perkawinan sah di mata hukum bagi beragama Islam mengajukan permohonan Itsbat Nikah pada Pengadilan Agama sesuai KHI Pasal 7. Mengulangi perkawinan diantara mereka disertai pencatatan perkawinan di KUA maupun di Kantor Catatan Sipil. Untuk menghindari terjadinya perkawinan dibawah tangan yang berdampak pada status istri dan anak, diharapkan pemerintah memberikan penyuluhan pada masyarakat tentang pentingnya pencatatan perkawinan.

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ABSTRAK

A marriage is considered as legally valid, if it is conducted in accordance to the respective applicable religious law and belief of the parties involved (the bride and the groom). However, in reality it is found out that unofficial marriage still often happen, or in other word, not it accordance with the applicable law. What are the reasons that cause a couple prefers to conduct their marriage in such a way? What are the legal consequences particularly for the wife, the kids as well as the properties? What are the procedures should be conducted if the couple would like to enhance their marital status to a legal one? This research is conducted by applying a literature study supported by indepth interview with competent sources. Some of the reasons that make someone decide to conduct his/her marriage in such a way are due to the high cost in conducting a legal marriage, a husband applying polygamy marriage, while he is a government functionary who is bound with the Government Law No. 10 Year 1983, revised with the Government Law No. 45 Year 1990, religious reason, that is, to avoid considered as commit adultery, or regarding his/her status which is not yet recognized by the government due to his/her belief (which is not yet considered as a religion). The consequences of being a wife in a un-legal marriage would be particularly related to her status, that are, she is not considered as a legal wife, she has no right to inherit the husband's assets and pensions, and in case they had a divorce, she would have no right to get any of the assets earned during their living as a couple. Meanwhile, the consequences also happen to the child/children, in term that they will not be considered as legal children, and they only have legal civil relationship with their mother and her family. In term of family's assets, they have no right to them. The procedures that should be undergone by the couple that would like to enhance their status to a legal marriage, then to them who are Moslems, is that they should apply a request of the so-called Its bat Nikah in a religious court, which is in accordance with the Islamic Law Book Article 7. Then they should re-proceed their marriage ceremony while being noted and registered both in Office of Religious Affaires (Kantor Urusan Agama) as well as Civil Registration Office (Kantor Catatan Sipil). In order to avoid the occurrence of any unofficial marriage that brings inconvenient effect to the status of the wife and the child/children, the government is expected to give more socialization and education about the importance of the marriage registration to the society."

"ABSTRAKPembatalan perkawinan sering kali terjadi karena masih banyak pihak-pihak melakukan pelanggaran mengenai syarat-syarat sahnya perkawinan disisi lain karena ketidak tahuan atau kurang dipahaminya arti dari suatu perkawinan atau adakalanya memang sengaja dilanggar. Pelanggaran atau tidak dipenuhinya syaratsyarat untuk melangsungkan perkawinan itulah yang menyebabkan perkawinan tersebut tidak sempurna dan keadaan seperti ini akan memberikan kesempatan kepada orang-orang tertentu yang diberi hak oleh Undang-undang untuk membatalkan perkawinan tersebut. Berdasarkan hal tersebut apakah alasan-alasan pembatalan perkawinan dan akibat pembatalan perkawinan telah dipenuhi dalam pertimbangan hukum hakim atas putusan perkara Nomor 33/Pdt.G/1995 pada Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Selatan merupakan pokok permasalahan utama yang diangkat dengan melakukan penelitian kepustakaan yang menggunakan data-data sekunder yang terdapat dalam bahan hukum primer seperti peraturan perundang-undangan terkait yaitu Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 9 Tahun 1975. Dalam analisis, ditemukan bahwa pembatalan perkawinan dapat terjadi bila para pihak terkait tidak memenuhi syarat-syarat material umum dan material khusus sebagai syarat sahnya suatu perkawinan, dalam kasus tersebut ternyata terdapat halhal yang menyebabkan tidak terpenuhinya syarat-syarat perkawinan tersebut. Dengan demikian maka perkawinan tersebut dibatalkan yang mengakibatkan perkawinan dianggap tidak pernah ada, hal tersebut menjadi perhatian bagi pasangan yang akan melangsungkan perkawinan agar dapat mempersiapkan diri secara fisik maupun psychology dengan mempertimbangkan semua aspek yaitu meliputi hubungan antara talon suami isteri terutama itikad balk oleh masing-masing pihak. Dalam hal ini dibutuhkan peranan para pihak yang terkait untuk mensosialisasikan syarat-syarat dan tujuan perkawinan sebagaimana yang terdapat dalam Pasal 1 Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan yaitu menuju kearah pembentukkan keluarga yang bahagia dan kekal berdasarkan Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa.

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ABSTRAK

A cancellation of a marriage still often happens due to several reasons, one of which is the unawareness of the couple itself concerning the legal requirements that should be met in a marriage, or the lack of understanding on the meaning of marriage itself, while on the other hand in some cases it is also deliberately violated. The violations occuring from such mentioned things are the considerable causes of the problematic marriage, and in such a circumstance, the law has made enable the people within to appeal for their right to cancel the marriage. Specifically, the case in this research would be to recognize more about whether the reasons as well as the impacts of the cancellation of the marriage case No. 33/Pdt.G/l995, State Court of South Jakarta, had become a part of consideration of the judge's decision. This research is conducted by applying the literature study utilizing secondary data found out in the primary legal materials, such as The Law No. 1 Year 1974 regarding the Marriage, and the Government Law No. 9 Year 1975. The analysis revealed that the cancellation of a marriage could happen if the parties concerned within did not fulfill the general as well as special material requirements that determines the legality of a marriage, and it was also discovered that in the marriage being scrutinized, there were things that caused the disfufilment of the mentioned requirements. Thus, the marriage can be cancelled and considered as never happened. Expectedly, this can be an invaluable lesson for other couple that has been considering to conduct their marriage, to think thoroughly about every aspects related, both physical and psychological, as well as other aspects such as the relationship condition between the future husband and wife, particularly the good will of the respective party. In order to ensure this, the proactive attitude from certain concerned parties is needed to socialize the requirements and the purpose of a marriage, like had been stated in the Article 1 Law No.1 Year 1974 concerning marriage, that is, as an act intended to form a happy and everlasting family under upon the belief to the Supreme God."

"disajikan dalam seminar nasional "cybercrime dan cybersex/cyberporn dalam perspektif hukum teknologi dan hukum pidana kerja sama BPHN & S2 hukum Undip, semarang 6-7 juni 2007."

"This article elaborates concerning Indonesia secured transaction that focused on Hak tanggungan (Indonesian mortgage) in anxious practical perspectives. The Origin of the apprehension is rooted on the regulation method of foreclosure hak tanggungan the regulation itself that abide by prior Dutch law (HIR dan Rbg) has reflected inconsistency on Indonesian secured transaction law reform"

"The author does figures and analyze about criminal conduct and the punishment pattern in Aceh region during 16th and 17th centuries that be done by historical approach. The substance is explores regarding punishment was applied by Aceh Sultans that be developed by ultimate sources from both local and foreign visitor testimony who come from Europe and Asia to Aceh regions. By those sources then the author is confidence to doing clear description regarding punishment system was applied during those centuries is adat law or Islamic law ones by adequate historical facts and not only blind claim.The author proposes thesis that Aceh Kingdom (kesultanan) that claimed as islamic government system but using adat law to govern and regulate their people and was not islamic law as recent common perceptions continuing"