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"Adanya persepsi mengenai perbedaan pengetahuan politik antara laki-laki dan perempuan membuat perempuan dianggap tidak kompeten dalam memberikan pendapat pada isu politik. Perkembangan internet yang memberikan kesempatan yang setara baik bagi perempuan maupun laki-laki untuk berpartisipasi dalam dunia politik salah satunya dengan berpartisipasi dalam diskusi online tidak menghilangkan anggapan tersebut. Dengan mengacu kepada elaboration likelihood model, gender dari pemberi komentar juga dapat bertindak sebagai isyarat heuristik bagi pembacanya, terutama pada pembaca dengan tingkat seksisme yang tinggi. Karena itu, selain dari aspek kesopanan dan bobot pada komentar pengguna, komentar yang diberikan oleh perempuan juga dijadikan oleh pembaca sebagai salah satu cue untuk menilai kualitas artikel berita online. Penelitian sebelumnya telah menguji pengaruh kesopanan dan bobot dari komentar terhadap perceived quality artikel berita. Pada penelitian ini, peneliti menambahkan gender sebagai salah satu independent variable dan melihat pengaruhnya terhadap perceived quality. Peneliti juga mengukur tingkat sexism pembaca serta interaksinya dengan gender pemberi komentar terhadap perceived quality. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen, between-subject, post-test only dengan desain 2x2x2 faktorial dengan teknik analisis data menggunakan multiple regression. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah gender terbukti mempengaruhi perceived quality artikel berita [t 273 = - 2.08, p= .04]. Hal ini diperkuat apabila pembaca berita memiliki sikap sexist [t 273 = 2.159, p=.03].

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The perception of differences in political knowledge between men and women makes women considered incompetent in giving opinions on online political news articles. The Internet has been providing an equal opportunity for both women and men to participate in politics by participating in online discussions, but it does not dispel the stereotype. By referring to the elaboration likelihood model, the gender of the commentator can also act as a cue to its readers, especially readers with high levels of sexism. Therefore, apart from the civility and reasoning of user comments, comments given by women are also become one of the cue to assess the quality of online news articles. Previous research has examined the effect of civility and reasoning of comments on perceived quality of news articles.

In this study, researcher added gender as one of the independent variables and saw its effect on perceived quality. Researcher also measured the level of reader 39 s sexism and its interaction with gender of the commentator towards perceived quality. An online experiment with 2 civil vs. uncivil x 2 high reasoning vs. low reasoning x 2 female vs. male commenter factorial design was conducted N 273. Regression analysis suggested that gender was proven to affect perceived quality of news article t 273 2.08, p .04. This effect is reinforced if the newsreaders are sexist t 273 2,159, p .03. "

"Major land reform programs have reallocated property in more than one-third of the world's countries in the last century and impacted over one billion people. But only rarely have these programs granted beneficiaries complete property rights. Why is this the case, and what are the consequences? This book draws on wide-ranging original data and charts new conceptual terrain to reveal the political origins of the property rights gap. It shows that land reform programs are most often implemented by authoritarian governments who deliberately withhold property rights from beneficiaries. In so doing, governments generate coercive leverage over rural populations and exert social control. This is politically advantageous to ruling governments but it has negative development consequences: it slows economic growth, productivity, and urbanization and it exacerbates inequality. The book also examines the conditions under which subsequent governments close property rights gaps, usually as a result of democratization or foreign pressure."

"Comparative scholarship on judicial review has paid a lot of attention to the causal impact of politics on judicial decision-making. However, the slower-moving, macro-social process through which judicial review influences societal conceptions of the law/politics relation is less well understood. Drawing on the political science literature on institutional change, The Politico-Legal Dynamics of Judicial Review tests a typological theory of the evolution of judicial review regimes - complexes of legitimating ideas about the law/politics relation. The theory posits that such regimes tend to conform to one of four main types - democratic or authoritarian legalism, or democratic or authoritarian instrumentalism. Through case studies of Australia, India, and Zimbabwe, and a comparative chapter analyzing ten additional societies, the book then explores how actually-existing judicial review regimes transition between these types. This process of ideational development, Roux concludes, is distinct both from the everyday business of constitutional politics and from changes to the formal constitution."

"Terrorism law is as international as it is regionally distinct and as difficult to define as it is essential to address. Given recent pressures to harmonize terrorism laws from international organizations like the United Nations Security Council, the Financial Action Task Force, and the Council of Europe, this book presents readers with an up-to-date assessment of terrorism law across the globe. Covering twenty-two jurisdictions across six continents, the common framework used for each chapter facilitates national comparisons of a range of laws including relevant criminal, administrative, financial, secrecy, and military laws. Recognizing that similar laws may yield different outcomes when transplanted into new contexts, priority of place is given to examples of real-world application. Including a thematic introduction and conclusion, this book will help to establish comparative counter-terrorism law as an emerging discipline crossing the boundaries of domestic and international law."