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Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Penilaian nyeri pada pasien-pasien UPI cukup sulit dikarenakan kendala komunikasi yang mereka dapatkan. Untuk penilaian pada pasien UPI digunakan skala evaluasi seperti Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT). Skala CPOT dikembangkan oleh Gellinas pada tahun 2006, dibuat dalam bahasa Prancis lalu diterjemahkan ke bahasa Inggris dan sudah dinilai kesahihannya. Pemakaian skala CPOT di UPI RSCM bisa dilakukan, namun jika diterjemahkan akan mempermudah sosialisasi dan pemahaman dalam penilaian skala CPOT. Sebelum suatu alat ukur yang diterjemahkan dapat diterapkan pada populasi, harus dinilai kesahihannya terlebih dahulu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menilai kesahihan CPOT dalam penggunaannya menilai nyeri pada pasien dengan Skala Koma Glagow di bawah 14 di UPI RSCM. Metode: Studi observasional, potong lintang dengan pengukuran berulang dilakukan terhadap pasien yang dirawat di UPI RSCM April ? Mei 2013. Kesahihan BPS dinilai dengan uji korelasi Spearman. Keandalan dinilai dengan Cronbach α dan Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Ketanggapan dinilai dengan Besar efek. Hasil: Selama penelitian terkumpul 33 pasien dengan Skala Koma Glasgow di bawah 14 baik terintubasi maupun tidak di UPI RSCM. Skala CPOT memiliki kesahihan yang baik dengan nilai korelasi bermakna secara berurutan 0.145, 0.393 dan ? 0.205 untuk laju nadi, MAP dan skor Ramsay. Keandalan CPOT baik dengan ICC 0.981 (p<0.001) dan nilai Cronbach α 0.893. Ketanggapan CPOT juga baik dengan nilai Besar efek untuk penilaian pagi, siang dan malam adalah 2.11, 2.25 dan 2.33. Kesimpulan: CPOT sahih dalam menilai nyeri untuk pasien dengan skala koma glasgow di bawah 14 di UPI RSCM. ......Background: Assessment of Pain on ICU patient is difficult due to communication problems. To assess pain on ICU patient, we use behavioural scale such like Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT). The CPOT scale was developed in French language and had been translated to English with the validity being checked. Using CPOT in ICU RSCM is doable, but if the scale is translated to Indonesian language, the understanding and socialization will be much better.However this scale must be validated before it?s use in RSCM population. The aim of this study is to validate CPOT scale in its use to assess pain on patients with Glasgow Coma Scale below 14 in ICU RSCM. Method: An Observational, cross sectional, repeated measures was done to patients hospitalized in the ICU Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from April to May 2013. Validation was assessed by Spearman Correlation test while reliability was analyzed using Cronbach α and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Responsiveness was assessed by Effect Size Results: A total of 33 patients with Glasgow Coma Scale below 14 either intubated or not were included in this study. The CPOT Scale has a good validation with significant correlation 0.145, 0.393 and -0.205 respectively for heart rate, MAP and Ramsay score. CPOT Scale has good reliability with ICC score 0.981 (p<0.001) and Cronbach α 0.893. Responsiveness for CPOT is also good with Effect Size on morning, afternoon and evening assessment are 2.11, 2.25 and 2.33 respectively. Conclusion: CPOT scale is valid to assess pain on patients with Glasgow Coma Scale below 14 in ICU RSCM.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Pasien yang menggunakan ventilator mekanik (VM) merupakan pasien dengan penyakit kritis dan memiliki angka mortalitas yang tinggi. Pengetahuan tentang prediktor mortalitas dapat membantu pengambilan keputusan klinis untuk tatalaksana pasien dan mengetahui prognosis pasien. Studi-studi tentang faktor prediktor mortalitas pasien yang menggunakan VM menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda-beda dan tidak ada penelitian yang komprehensif di Indonesia. Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor-faktor prediktor mortalitas pasien yang menggunakan VM di RSCM. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort retrospektif pada pasien di Unit Perawatan Intensif (UPI) RSCM yang menggunakan VM selama tahun 2010 –2012. Data klinis dan laboratorium beserta status luaran (hidup atau meninggal) selama perawatan diperoleh dari rekam medis. Analisis bivariat dilakukan pada variabel usia, keganasan, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), renjatan, pasca operasi, riwayat henti jantung, hiperglikemia, CVD, gangguan ginjal akut, sepsis dan hipoalbuminemia. Variabel yang memenuhi syarat akan disertakan pada analisis multivariat dengan regresi logistik. Hasil: Sebanyak 242 pasien diikutsertakan pada penelitian ini. Didapatkan angka mortalitas selama perawatan sebesar 45,4%. Kelompok usia, keganasan, ARDS, renjatan, pasca operasi, riwayat henti jantung, stroke, gangguan ginjal akut, sepsis dan hipoalbuminemia merupakan variabel yang berbeda bermakna pada analisis bivariat. Prediktor mortalitas pada analisis multivariat adalah gangguan ginjal akut (OR 1,91; IK 95% 1,08 sampai 3,39; p = 0,002), renjatan (OR 2,13; IK 95% 1,18 sampai 3,85; p = 0,012), CVD (OR 3,39; IK 95% 1,65 sampai 6,95; p = 0,01), ARDS (OR 2,19; IK 95% 1,10 sampai 4,35; p = 0,025) dan riwayat henti jantung (OR 4,85; IK 95% 1,56 sampai 15,07; p = 0,006). Kesimpulan: Gangguan ginjal akut, renjatan, CVD, ARDS, dan riwayat henti jantung merupakan prediktor independen mortalitas pada pasien yang menggunakan VM. ......Background: Mechanical ventilation (MV) is one of the most essential modality that supports many critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). A high mortality rate was observed in mechanically ventilated patients. The prediction of patients outcome at initiation of MV is important in decision-making process and in the effort reducing mortality rate. This study was designed to determine early predictors of mortality in patients with MV. Objective: To determine early predictors of mortality in patients with MV in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study on 242 ICU patients who used MV for more than 48 hours between January 2010 – June 2012. Data were collected at initiation of mechanical ventilation and the main outcome was all-cause mortality during ICU. We analyzed age, sepsis, hypoalbuminemia, shock, post surgical, Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), hyperglicemia, CVD, malignancy, cardiac arrest, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) at initiation of MV. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of mortality. Results: A total of 242 patients were evaluated in this study. In-hospital mortality rate was 45.4%. The independent predictors of mortality in multivariate analysis were AKI (OR: 1.91; 95% CI 1.08 to 3.39; p = 0.02), shock (OR: 2.13; 95% CI 1.18 to 3.85; p = 0.012), stroke (OR: 3.39; 95% CI 1.65 to 6.95; p = 0.01), ARDS (OR: 2.19; 95% CI 1.10 to 4.35; p = 0.025) and cardiac arrest (OR: 4.85; 95% CI 1.56 to 15.07; p = 0.006). Conclusion: Shock, CVD, ARDS, cardiac arrest, and AKI were independent predictors of mortality due to patients with MV.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang. Penilaian derajat kesadaran penting dilakukan pada pasien di Unit Gawat Darurat untuk memperkirakan prognosis. Banyak sistem penilaian dipakai untuk mengevaluasi pasien, masing-masing dengan kelebihan dan kekurangannya. Sistem penilaian yang baru, yaitu Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR )Score, dapat digunakan menilai derajat kesadaran dan memprediksi prognosis pasien. FOUR Score dapat memberikan data neurologis yang lebih detail dan dapat digunakan pada pasien yang terintubasi. Belum ada penelitian yang menilai validitas FOUR Score sebagai prediktor outcome pada pasien dengan penurunan kesadaran di IGD RSCM sebelumnya. Metode. Penelitian kohort prospektif observasional pada pasien dengan penurunan kesadaran yang dirawat di IGD RSCM. Evaluasi FOUR Score dilakukan terhadap 120 pasien baru yang dirawat di IGD RSCM. Outcome pasien dicatat setelah perawatan 72 jam. Analisis bivariat digunakan untuk menentukan hubungan FOUR Score terhadap outcome. Analisis regresi logistik untuk menentukan hubungan komponen FOUR Score terhadap outcome. Nilai area di bawah kurva (AUC) digunakan untuk sebagai uji dsikriminasi FOUR Score terhadap outcome. Hasil. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara nilai FOUR Score dengan outcome (p <0,001). Komponen respon membuka mata (FOUR-E) dan pola respirasi (FOUR-R) adalah komponen yang mempunyai nilai prediksi terhadap outcome. AUC FOUR Score adalah 0,864 (95% IK 0,784-0,928).Uji kesesuaian antarpenilai antara dokter dan perawat menunjukkan kesesuaian yang sangat baik dengan κ = 0,836 (95% IK 0,786- 0,894), p <0,001.

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ABSTRACT
Background. Asssessment of conciousness is important in patients in emergency room to estimate prognosis. Many scoring systems used to evaluate patients? level of conciousness, each with their advantages and disadvantages Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) Score is a new system to assess patients?s level of conciousness and future prognosis. FOUR Score can provide a detailed neurological data and can be used in patients who are intubated. There have never been done a research on validity of FOUR Score as a predictor of outcome in RSCM?s ER before. Method. Observational, prospective cohort study in patients with decreased of conciousness treated in the RSCM?s ER. FOUR Score?s evaluation conducted on 120 new patients. Patient?s outcome was recorded after 72 hours of treatment, and classified as dead or alive. Bivariate analysis conducted to determine the relation between FOUR Score and outcome. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relation between components of the FOUR Score and the outcome, and the value of area under the curve (AUC) of the FOUR Score to outcome was determined to measure discrimination of FOUR Score. Results. There is a significant correlation statistically between the value of the FOUR Score with the outcome (p <0.001). From all the components had been measured, the eye response (FOUR-E) and respiratory pattern (FOUR-R) had predictive value related to the outcome. AUC of the FOUR Score is 0,864 (95% CI 0,784-0,928). Inter-rater agreement between doctor and nurse shows a very good strength of agreement wtith κ = 0,836 (95% CI 0,786- 0,894), p <0,001. Conclusion. FOUR Score can accurately predict the outcome of patients with decreased of consciousness in the RSCM?s ER after 72 hours of treatment.;Background. Asssessment of conciousness is important in patients in emergency room to estimate prognosis. Many scoring systems used to evaluate patients? level of conciousness, each with their advantages and disadvantages Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) Score is a new system to assess patients?s level of conciousness and future prognosis. FOUR Score can provide a detailed neurological data and can be used in patients who are intubated. There have never been done a research on validity of FOUR Score as a predictor of outcome in RSCM?s ER before. Method. Observational, prospective cohort study in patients with decreased of conciousness treated in the RSCM?s ER. FOUR Score?s evaluation conducted on 120 new patients. Patient?s outcome was recorded after 72 hours of treatment, and classified as dead or alive. Bivariate analysis conducted to determine the relation between FOUR Score and outcome. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relation between components of the FOUR Score and the outcome, and the value of area under the curve (AUC) of the FOUR Score to outcome was determined to measure discrimination of FOUR Score. Results. There is a significant correlation statistically between the value of the FOUR Score with the outcome (p <0.001). From all the components had been measured, the eye response (FOUR-E) and respiratory pattern (FOUR-R) had predictive value related to the outcome. AUC of the FOUR Score is 0,864 (95% CI 0,784-0,928). Inter-rater agreement between doctor and nurse shows a very good strength of agreement wtith κ = 0,836 (95% CI 0,786- 0,894), p <0,001. Conclusion. FOUR Score can accurately predict the outcome of patients with decreased of consciousness in the RSCM?s ER after 72 hours of treatment., Background. Asssessment of conciousness is important in patients in emergency room to estimate prognosis. Many scoring systems used to evaluate patients? level of conciousness, each with their advantages and disadvantages Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) Score is a new system to assess patients?s level of conciousness and future prognosis. FOUR Score can provide a detailed neurological data and can be used in patients who are intubated. There have never been done a research on validity of FOUR Score as a predictor of outcome in RSCM?s ER before. Method. Observational, prospective cohort study in patients with decreased of conciousness treated in the RSCM?s ER. FOUR Score?s evaluation conducted on 120 new patients. Patient?s outcome was recorded after 72 hours of treatment, and classified as dead or alive. Bivariate analysis conducted to determine the relation between FOUR Score and outcome. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relation between components of the FOUR Score and the outcome, and the value of area under the curve (AUC) of the FOUR Score to outcome was determined to measure discrimination of FOUR Score. Results. There is a significant correlation statistically between the value of the FOUR Score with the outcome (p <0.001). From all the components had been measured, the eye response (FOUR-E) and respiratory pattern (FOUR-R) had predictive value related to the outcome. AUC of the FOUR Score is 0,864 (95% CI 0,784-0,928). Inter-rater agreement between doctor and nurse shows a very good strength of agreement wtith κ = 0,836 (95% CI 0,786- 0,894), p <0,001. Conclusion. FOUR Score can accurately predict the outcome of patients with decreased of consciousness in the RSCM?s ER after 72 hours of treatment.]