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"Bahasa lahir bersamaan dengan perkembangan peradaban manusia itu sendiri. Sebagai suatu alat untuk berkomunikasi, bahasa dapat mencerminkan berbagai aspek kehidupan suatu masyarakat. Suatu masyarakat yang telah maju selalu ditandai dengan pemakaian bahasanya yang luas, begitu juga sebaliknya, suatu bahasa yang banyak dipakai oleh masyarakat luas, merupakan bahasa dari suatu masyarakat yang telah maju. Sulit untuk menentukan mana yang terlebih dahuhi maju, masyarakatnya atau bahasanya. Tapi yang jelas, bagi penganut paham rasionalis, bahasa mencenninkan kemampuan daya nalar (Alwasilah, 1994).Bahasa Indonesia merupakan salah satu bahasa yang banyak dipakai, karena jumlah penduduk bangsa Indonesia diperkirakan telah mencapai 180 juta jiwa. Bahasa Indonesia yang dipakai oleh banyak orang tersebut, berpotensi menjadi salah satu bahasa yang dipakai masyarakat internasional, seperti halnya bahasa Inggris. Dalam kenyataannya, harapan tersebut masih jauh dari kenyataan. Kemungkinan besar salah satu sebabnya adalah karena bahasa Indonesia itu dipergunakan di atas bahasa-bahasa daerah yang tersebar dari Sabang sanipai Merauke.Sampai saat ini belum ada data yang pasti, berapa banyak bahasa-bahasa daerah yang ada di Indonesia. Variasi bahasa dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain berkaitan erat dengan dimensi sosial maupun geografi. Variasi ini terlihat jelas antara masyarakat perkotaan dan pedesaan, perbedaan dalam umur, jenis kelamin, golongan, maupun identitas suku bangsa."

"Southeast Asia is home to many distinct groups of sea nomads, some of whichare known collectively as Orang (Suku) Laut. Those located between Sumatra andthe Malay Peninsula are all Malayic-speaking. Information about their speech ispaltry and scattered; while starting points are provided in publications such asSkeat and Blagden (1906), Kähler (1946a, b, 1960), Sopher (1977: 178?180), Kadiret al. (1986), Stokhof (1987), and Collins (1988, 1995), a comprehensive accountand description of Malayic Sea Tribe lects has not been provided to date. Thisstudy brings together disparate sources, including a bit of original research, tosketch a unified linguistic picture and point the way for further investigation.While much is still unknown, this paper demonstrates relationships within andbetween individual Sea Tribe varieties and neighbouring canonical Malay lects.It is proposed that Sea Tribe lects can be assigned to four groupings: Kedah, RiauIslands, Duano, and Sekak."

"The Timor-Alor-Pantar (TAP) language family has a special place in South-EastAsian linguistics; its members make up the western extreme of the Papuanlanguage sphere. Along with an exhaustive bibliography of works on theTAP languages, this paper presents a state-of-the-art review of the ongoingdocumentation of the TAP language family in terms of both linguistic descriptionand (pre-)historical reconstruction. The paper concludes with a considerationof the prospects for future studies of the TAP languages."

"This correlation study aims at knowing empirically the significant relation between the third year students cross-cultural understanding and communicative competence at State Islamic Senior High Schools at South Jakarta. Its data that are obtained through two kinds of test are analyzed using both regression and correlation techniques."

"This article deals with traditional literature of the Pakpak-Dairi and Karo peoples in North Sumatra, who are speakers of closely related Batak languages and have many common features in their language and culture. Their traditional life-style, based on agriculture and the use of forest products, requires the regular performance of community rituals featuring songs, dance, music and other oral traditions including storytelling. The songs, prayers, and stories belonging to their literary tradition have characteristic features that are intimately connected with the social context in which they are created and performed. Karo and Pakpak-Dairi oral genres often contain information about the natural environment, local customs and religious concepts. They may also reflect perceptions of relationships with neighbouring groups, such as the Minangkabau and the Malays who live in the coastal areas."

"In the Universitets-Bibliotheek (UB) Leiden there is a pile of Banten letters that are bundled in Cod.Or. 2241 Illb. The 17th (No. 80) letter is a letter from Sultan Anom to the Governour General Willem Arnold Alting and Raad van Indie in Batavia. The content of the letter, which is undated and written in Javanese hanacaraka, is an approval of Sultan given to Raad van Indie for the building of a new house in Indramayu. Based on the codicological analysis of the shape, kind of paper, seal, scripts, and the language, it can be concluded that those letters in the budle were in fact not sent form Sultan Anom of Banten but form Sultan Kanoman of Cirebon."

"Sexual revolution in France in the decade of the 1970s is characterized by socialopenness toward sex. There is a change in the pattern of spousal living, including same-sexrelation. Homosexuals in France have the courage to declare their sexual orientation. Despitepros and cons within the French society, PACS or the solidarity civil pact, since 1999, allowedhomosexual pairs to formalize their commitment outside marriage.French songs with homosexual themes began to appear in the decade of the 1960s. Sincethen, around 90 songs foreground homosexuality through various themes and perspectives.In the first reading, the lyrics only foreground the emergence of consciousness or confession ofa homosexual. The theme of the orientation of homosexual behaviour can be found in most ofthe songs. Other themes are related to other perspectives. Further discussion shows that thesesongs are presented in terms of three negative perspectives: negative, positive and neutral.The negative perspective uses homosexuality as an object of joke, the second proposes defensefor the homosexual community, and the neutral perspective is completely descriptive andgenerally portrays sexuality and sensuality among the homosexuals."

"The number of different languages in Europe by far exceeds the number of countries. All European countries have national languages, and in nearly all of them there are minority languages as well, whereas all major languages have dialects. National borders rarely coincide with linguistic borders, but the latter (including dialect borders) mark by their nature also more or less distinct cultural areas. This paper presents a survey of the different language families represented in Europe: Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, and the four Caucasian language families, each with their sub-branches and individual languages. Some information is given on characteristic structural phenomena and on the status and history of these languages or language families and on some of their extinct predecessors. The paper ends with a short discussion on the language policy and practices of the institutions of the European Union. Europe lacks a language with the status and power comparable to Indonesian in Indonesia. The policy is therefore based on equal status of all national languages and on respect for all languages, including national minority ones. The practice, however, is unavoidably practical: ?the more languages, the more English?."

"Indonesia is a plural society that consists of several hundred ethnic and sub-ethnic groups. One of its generic characteristics is heterogeneity. In the last ten years after the implementation of regional autonomy, we have witnessed the emergence of strong ethnic and religiously flavoured local identity politics in various places in Indonesia that created open and vicious conflicts. This periodical violence exploded especially during the election of district and provincial heads. The intimate relation multiculturalism, with the actual political praxis of everyday life as an alternative to the existing paradigm of the ?homogenization? of nationhood, has not been discussed. I believe it is time to discuss the strategic junctures between heterogeneity, politics of ethnicity (and religion) and multiculturalism as well as their possible realization at the local and national levels in order to find a viable framework for a future Indonesia."