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"This book explores the forces that have shaped the evolution of organelle genomes and the expression of the genes encoded by them. Some striking examples of trends in organelle evolution explored here are the reduction in genome size and gene coding content observed in most lineages, the complete loss of organelle DNA in certain lineages, and the unusual modes of gene expression that have emerged, such as the extensive and essential mRNA editing that occurs in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts. This book places particular emphasis on the current techniques used to study the evolution of organelle genomes and gene expression."

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Biokeramik dan silikon merupakan material terbaru yang saat ini telah dipasarkan. Untuk melihat perbandingan antara material tersebut dibutuhkan uji sitogenetik dengan menggunakan resin metakrilat. Tujuan: Melihat perbandingan sitogenetik siler berbahan dasar biokeramik, silikon, dan resin metakrilat terhadap limfosit T. Metode: Menilai mikronukleus dalam 1000 sel binukleat yang terbentuk setelah pemaparan siler resin metakrilat, silikon, dan biokeramik terhadap limfosit T pada hari ke 1, 3 dan 7 hari. Hasil: Nilai mikronukleus siler biokeramik dan silikon lebih rendah dari siler resin metakrilat dengan nilai kemaknaan ABSTRACT Background Bioceramic and Silicone sealer are the latest material that widely commercialized nowadays. Cytogenetic test of bioceramic and silicone sealer need to be verified by testing with methacrylate resin. Purpose To observe cytogenetic of bioceramic, silicone, and methacrylate resin sealer on lymphocyte T. Methods Counting the number of micronuclei after the treats of bioceramic, silicone and metharylate resin sealer on lymphocyte T between 1,3 , adn 7 days. Results Micronuclei score of bioceramic and silicone lower than methacrylate resin with significance value p"

"Sindrom mielodisplasia (Myelodysplastic Syndrome, MDS) adalah sejumlah gangguan yang terjadi akibat sumsum tulang tidak mampu menghasilkan sel-sel darah yang sehat.1 Diferensiasi sel prekursor darahterganggu, 2 dan apoptosis meningkat dengan signifikan sehingga sel-sel darah menjadi abnormal yang tidak sepenuhnya berkembang. 3 Gen PI-PLCß1 terlibat dalam proliferasi dan diferensiasi. Mutasi gen PI-PLCß1 dapat memengaruhi peningkatan proliferasi sel blast pada MDS dan cenderung bertransformasi menjadi Leukemia Mieloblastik Akut (Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia, AML). Diketahui PI-PLCβ1 berperan dalam kontrol siklus sel pada transisi G1/S dan perkembangan G2/M. Disregulasi ekspresi gen PI-PLCß1 menyebabkan gangguan pada jalur pensinyalan yang melibatkan proses diferensiasi sel, sehingga terjadi perubahan diferensiasi sel prekursor darah yang menyimpang. Banyak faktor yang menyulitkan pengamatan dalam pemeriksaan sitogenetika pada pasien MDS. Sehingga pemeriksaan ekspresi gen PI-PLCß1 diharapkan akan menjadi pengkajian awal dalam menilai prognostik MDS. Desain penelitian deskriptif dan analitik pada 4 subjek penelitian (3 pasien MDS-MLD, 1 pasien MDS yang telah menjadi AML), dan kontrol pasien dengan kelainan hematologi lain (Multiple Mieloma) sebanyak 1 pasien, serta 1 kontrol sehat. Sebanyak 3/5 (80%) memiliki kelainan kariotip kompleks, dan 1/5 (20%) memiliki kelainan kariotip ganda, dan 1/5 (20%) memiliki kelainan kariotip tunggal. Ekspresi gen PI-PLCß1 lebih rendah pada 4 pasien (MDS dan AML). Sedangkan pada 1 kontrol pasien dengan kelainan hematologi lainnya memiliki ekspresi gen PI-PLCß1 lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kontrol sehat. Ekspresi gen PI-PLCß1 lebih rendah pada pasien MDS dengan prognosis yang lebih buruk menurut skoring IPSS-R.

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Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a number of disorders that occur due to the bone marrow is not able to produce healthy blood cells. 1 The differentiation of blood precursor cells is impaired, 2 and apoptosis increases significantly that the blood cells become abnormal and do not fully develop. 3 The PI-PLCß1 gene is involved in proliferation and differentiation. PI-PLCß1 gene mutations can affect the increase in blast cell proliferation in MDS and tend to transform into Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). It is known that PI-PLCβ1 plays a role in cell cycle control in the G1/S transition and G2/M development. Dysregulation of PI-PLCß1 gene expression causes disruption of signaling pathways that involve the process of cell differentiation, resulting in aberrant changes in blood precursor cell differentiation. Many factors complicate observations in the cytogenetic studies of MDS patients. Therefore, it is hoped that the examination of PI-PLCß1 gene expression will be an initial assessment in assessing the prognostic value of MDS. The study design was descriptive and analytic in 5 study subjects (3 MDS-MLD patients, 1 AML patient, and 1 MM patient). Most of the patients had complex karyotype abnormalities, the rest had multiple karyotype abnormalities and single karyotype abnormalities. PI-PLCß1 gene expression was decreased in all MDS and AML patients. Meanwhile, MM patients had normal PI-PLCß1 gene expression. However, the increase in IPSS-R scores in patients was not significantly associated with a decrease in the expression of the PI-PLCß1 gene."

"This reference book provides information on plant cytogenetics. Topics covered by international experts include classical cytogenetics of plant genomes, plant chromosome structure, functional, molecular cytology; and genome dynamics. In addition, chapters are included on several methods in plant cytogenetics, informatics, and even laboratory exercises for aspiring or practiced instructors. The book provides a unique combination of historical and modern subject matter, revealing the central role of plant cytogenetics in plant genetics and genomics as currently practiced. "

"This guide represents the latest research results on sSMC and current knowledge about the genotype-phenotype correlation. The focus is on genetic diagnostics as well as on prenatal and fertility-related genetic counseling. A unique feature is that research meets practice, numerous patient reports complement the clinical aspects and depict the experiences of families living with a family member with an sSMC."

"Gandum dipilih sebagai objek penelitian sitogenetika karena memiliki ukuran kromosom yang besar dan mudah diperoleh. Metode preparasi kromosom umumnya menggunakan larutan kolkisin dan pewarna aseto-orcein yang bersifat toksik serta mencemari lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh berbagai konsentrasi larutan bawang (0,01%, 0,05%, dan 0,1%) terhadap struktur kromosom, indeks mitosis, dan indeks metafase pada akar gandum serta membandingkan intensitas pewarnaan kromosom menggunakan kayu secang dengan penambahan atau tanpa mordan terhadap pewarna sintetis aseto-orcein. Larutan dari bawang bombai, bawang merah, bawang putih, dan bawang dayak dibuat dengan cara melarutkan serbuk bawang ke dalam air hingga mencapai konsentrasi 0,01%, 0,05%, dan 0,1%. Sementara itu, larutan pewarna dari kayu secang dibuat dengan melarutkan serbuk kayu secang ke dalam asam asetat 45% dan etanol absolut lalu dibedakan berdasarkan perlakuan penambahan mordan atau tanpa penambahan mordan. Metode squash digunakan untuk mengamati kromosom pada akar gandum setelah diberikan perlakuan larutan bawang maupun pewarna kayu secang. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan kualitatif, ketiga konsentrasi larutan bawang menunjukkan tanda kerusakan pada struktur kromosom seperti struktur yang terfragmentasi, clustering, telomer bercabang. Hasil uji kuantitatif berupa ANOVA satu arah memperlihatkan bahwa keempat jenis bawang menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan terhadap indeks mitosis sedangkan uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan perbedaan tidak signifikan terhadap indeks metafase dibandingkan dengan larutan kolkisin 0,01%. Hasil pengamatan kualitatif dan uji kuantitatif menunjukkan bahwa keempat larutan bawang tidak dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif pengganti kolkisin untuk preparasi kromosom gandum. Di sisi lain, pewarna alami dari kayu secang terutama dengan penambahan mordan berhasil mewarnai kromosom dengan intensitas yang relatif baik tanpa mengganggu struktur kromosom.

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Wheat was chosen as the object of cytogenetic research because it has a large chromosome size and is readily available. Chromosome preparation methods generally use colchicine solution and aceto-orcein dye, which are toxic and pollute the environment. This study aims to examine the effect of various concentrations of onion solution (0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1%) on chromosome structure, mitotic index, and metaphase index in wheat roots and compare the intensity of chromosome staining using sappan wood with the addition or without mordant against synthetic dye aceto-orcein. Solutions of onion, shallot, garlic, and dayak onion were made by dissolving onion powder in water to reach concentrations of 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1%. Meanwhile, the dye solution from sappan wood was made by dissolving sappan wood powder in 45% acetic acid and absolute ethanol and then differentiated based on the treatment of adding mordant or without mordant. The squash method observed chromosomes in wheat roots after being treated with onion solutions and sappan wood dyes. Based on qualitative observations, the three concentrations of onion solution showed signs of damage to the chromosome structure, such as fragmented structures, clustering, and branched telomeres. Quantitative test results in one-way ANOVA showed that the four types of onions showed significant differences in mitotic index. In contrast, the Kruskal-Wallis test showed insignificant differences in metaphase index compared with 0.01% colchicine solution. The results of qualitative observations and quantitative tests indicate that the four onion solutions cannot be used as an alternative to colchicine for wheat chromosome preparation. On the other hand, the natural dye from sappan wood especially with the addition of mordant, succeeded in coloring the chromosomes with relatively good intensity without disturbing the chromosome structure. "