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"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas praktik distinction yang dilakukan oleh seorang fashion blogger melalui media blog hingga dirinya mencapai label yang diakui sebagai influencer. Fokus yang dianalisis adalah praktik distinction blogger bernama Anastasia Siantar yang terdiri dari serangkaian strategi penempatan kapital ekonomi, sosial, budaya, dan simbolik dalam arena yang dikuasainya, yaitu fashion. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif dan metode analisis semiotika sosial. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa kepemilikan kapital ekonomi menjadi sumber utama seorang mendapatkan label influencer yang kemudian diikuti oleh kepemilikan kapital sosial; informasi yang disajikan blog dengan arena khusus seperti blog Anaz memiliki agenda khusus pemiliknya untuk mempertahankan posisi pada kelompok sosial dominan yang kerap mendikte selera mereka kepada pasar; dan media sosial milik personal memberikan contoh gaya hidup konsumeris, dan pihak yang diuntungkan adalah yang memiliki kapital paling banyak, terutama kapital ekonomi. Adapun implikasi penelitian ini adalah kebaruan teoritis terkait sistem kepemilikan kapital yang digunakan melalui tahap kesadaran pemiliknya, dalam kasus ini seorang fashion influencer. Ia mengalami proses sadar kepemilikan kapital secara bertahap dari kapital ekonomi, kapital sosial, kapital budaya, dan akhirnya mencapai kapital simbolik. Kemudian, hasil penelitian juga memberikan pemahaman bahwa praktik distinction oleh opinion leader memiliki fungsi mengakumulasi kapital untuk terus berkuasa dan mendominasi arenanya.

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ABSTRACT This study examines the practice of distinction by a fashion blogger through media blog in order to reach a label that is recognized as an influencer. The focus analyzed is activities of a blogger named Anastasia Siantar, which consist of series of economic, social, cultural, and symbolic capitals in the field in which she is well informed about, namely fashion. This study is a qualitative research with descriptive design and social semiotic analysis method. The results conclude that the ownership of economic capital becomes the primary source in achieving the label of influencers which is then followed by the ownership of social capital information presented by blogger with special field such as the Anastasia Siantar rsquo s blog has a special agenda of its owners to maintain a position on the dominant social group that often dictates their tastes to the market and personalized social media provide an example of a consumerist lifestyle, in which would benefit those with the most capitals, especially the economic capital. As for the implications of this research is the theoretical novelty regarding the system of capital ownership used through the stage of consciousness of the owner. An influencer experienced the gradual conscious process of capital ownership of economic capital, social capital, cultural capital, and finally reached symbolic capital. Then, the results of the study also provide an understanding that the practice of distinction by opinion leader has the function of accumulating capital to continue in power and dominate certain arena."

"ABSTRAKGated community merupakan salah satu fenomena global mengenai pemukiman di daerah perkotaan dan sekitarnya. Namun perumahan gated community hanya dihuni oleh masyarakat kelas menengah ke atas sehingga semakin mencerminkan kesenjangan sosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan bagaimana distingsi masyarakat kelas menengah dalam gated community dengan tinggal di dalamnya. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif.Hasil temuan menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat kelas menengah melakukan distingsi di dalam gated community untuk menekankan posisi sosial mereka. Penghuni memiliki habitus sebagai pekerja yang sibuk dari pagi sampai malam sehingga harus meninggalkan keluarganya di rumah. Penghuni juga memiliki modal untuk digunakan dalam arena sosial yaitu modal budaya dengan memiliki pendidikan tinggi, modal ekonomi dengan memiliki pekerjaan dan kepemilikan unit rumah, modal sosial sebagai anggota dalam ikatan perumahan, dan modal simbolik dengan identitas mereka sebagai penghuni gated community. Penghuni melakukan distingsi dalam arena sosial dengan habitus dan modal yang mereka miliki untuk menegaskan posisi kelas sosial mereka sebagai kelas menengah.

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ABSTRACT

Gated community is one of global phenomenon about housing in urban area and its surrounding area. But gated community is only inhabited by upper middle class that increasingly reflect social inequalities. This study aims to explain how the distinction of middle class by living in it. The research approach in this study is qualitative approach.

The findings show that middle class do their distinction in gated community to emphasize their social position. Occupants have their habitus as busy worker that work from morning till night so had to leave their family at home. Occupants also have capitals to be used in social arena including cultural capital as highly educated person, economic capital as a worker and home ownership, social capital as a member of housing group, and symbolic capital as a resident of gated community. Occupants do their distinction in social arena with their habitus and capital to assert their class as middle social class."

"Lijphart’s (1999, 2012) ground-breaking distinction indexes between consensus and majoritarian democracies (based on 10 features of democracy) represents the influential and prominent typology of modern democracies. On the other hand, sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. However, the previous literature is not clear about the performance of different democratic structures on various environmental sustainability standards. With the purpose of exploring the effects of patterns of majoritarian and consensus democracy on environmental sustainability, this study selected the independent variables of “executives-parties” and “federal-unitary”, and the dependent variables of environmental health, ecosystem vitality and environmental performance index. Panel data modeling was used to analyze the secondary data for OECD and/or EU-member countries for the period of 2000 to 2020. Several results emerge from this study. First, the possibility to promote environmental health from the majority system along the “federal-unitary” dimension of governmental organization and the consensus system along the “executives-parties” dimension of democratic representation. Second, the possibility to promote ecosystem vitality from the consensus system along the “federal-unitary” dimension. Third, the possibility to promote environmental sustainability from the consensus system along the “federal-unitary” dimension. In sum, the results from this study indicate that in the most advanced and wealthiest countries, the individual and total performances on environmental sustainability of consensus democracy are superior to majoritarian democracy. Besides, the effects on environmental sustainability of shared and limited power in governmental organizations are superior to comprehensiveness of democratic representation in executive and legislative sectors."