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"Niosomes are non ionic surfactant vesicles that have potential application in the delivery of hydrophobic or amphilic drugs. We developed proniosomes, a dry formulation using a maltodextrin as a carrier coated with non ionic surfactant, which can be used to produce niosomes within a minutes by addition of hot waterfollowed by agitation. A novel method is reported here for rapid preparation of proniosomes with wide range of surfactant loading. Maltodextrin DE 5-10 was hidrolyzed from tapioca starch using Thermamyl L 120 da Novo at 85o C. The result from SEM analyses shown that proniosomes appear very similar to the maltodextrin, but the surface was more smooth. Niosome suspensions which was observed under the optical microscopy and particle size analyzer were evaluated asdrug carrier using ibuprofen as a model. The result provide an indication of maltodextrin DE 5-10 from tapioca starch are potentialy carrier in the proniosome preparation which can be used for producing niosomes. "

"Liposom merupakan suatu sistem pembawa obat berbentuk vesikel yang dapat mengenkapsulasi siprofloksasin HCl dan berpotensi untuk memgatasi infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Multidrug Resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat liposom siprofloksasin HCl unilamellar yang steril dengan metode sterilisasi filtrasi. Metode hidrasi lapis tipis yang digunakan akan menghasilkan liposom Multilamellar Vesicle (MLV). Liposom MLV yang dihasilkan dilakukan pengecilan ukuran partikel secara ekstrusi melewati membran polikarbonat 0,45 μm sebanyak 1 siklus dan disterilisasi secara filtrasi dengan membran selulosa asetat 0,22 μm sebanyak 5 siklus untuk mendapatkan liposom unilamellar yang kecil. Suspensi liposom steril yang didapat kemudian dipisahkan secara sentrifugasi dandiuji sterilitasnya pada medium tioglikolat cair dan plat agar darah. Efisiensi penjerapan liposom menurun seiring dengan proses ekstrusi melewati membran 0,45 μm dan 0,22 μm dimana mengalami penurunan efisiensi penjerapan berturut-turut sebesar 71,46%, 33,94%, 30,37% pada liposom formula I dan liposom formula II sebesar 90,96%, 44,83%, 36,11%. Proses ekstrusi dengan membran 0,45 μm dan 0,22 μm dapat menghasilkan ukuran liposom yang kecil, namun belum dapat menyerupai ukuran pori membran. Selain itu, penambahan asam oleat cenderung meningkatkan ukuran diameter liposom. Liposom siprofloksasin HCl yang dihasilkan terbukti tidak steril setelah diujikan pada medium tioglikolat cair dan plat agar darah.

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Liposome is a vesicular drug delivery system that able to encapsulate ciprofloxacin HCl, and have potential to cure an infection that caused by Multi Drug Resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. This study aimed to produce sterile and unilamellar ciprofloxacin HCl liposome usingfiltration sterilization method. Thin-film hydration method will be use to produce Multilamellar Liposome Vesicle (MLV). Later, the MLV liposome, will going through a particle size reduction using extrusion method through polycarbonate membrane (pore size 0.45 μm) for 1 cycle and being sterilized by filtration through cellulose acetate membrane (pore size 0.22 μm) for five cycles to get the small unilamellar liposome. The sterile liposome suspension is separated using centrifugation method and its sterilities will be test on medium thioglychollate fluid and blood agar plate. The entrapment efficiency of liposome decrease along the extrusion process through 0.45 μm and 0.22 μm membrane, of which the entrapment efficiency decreased respectively by 71.46%, 33.94%, 30.37% for formula I and 90.96%, 44.83%, 36.11% for formula II. The extrusion process through 0.45 μm and 0.22 μm membrane can produce the small size liposome, but still can not reach the average diameter of membrane pore size. Moreover, mostly the addition of oleic acid will increase the diameter size of liposome. Ciprofloxacin HCl liposome is proved to be unsterile according to the sterility test in fluid thioglycollate medium and blood agar plate."

"Successful delivery of biopharmaceuticals is a major challenge because their molecular properties lead to poor physical and chemical stability in the body and limited membrane permeability. Delivery technologies for biopharmaceuticals is the first single-volume reference to describe the strategies to overcome the main barriers for successful delivery of all major classes of biopharmaceuticals--peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, and vaccines. With extensive case studies showing how the science has been put into practice."

"This is a comprehensive guide to drug transporters that influence the absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs in the body. The development of powerful expression cloning and genome analysis techniques has facilitated the molecular identification and characterization of numerous transporters that play a crucial role in drug disposition. Explaining the principles of drug transport and the associated techniques, "Drug transporters : molecular characterization and role in drug disposition": provides a comprehensive overview of drug transporters; and, includes specific descriptions of transporter families, including substrate and inhibitor specificity, subcellular and tissue localization, mechanisms governing transport, species differences, the clinical implications of these transporters in human physiology and disease, and their role in drug distribution, elimination, and interactions in drug therapy.It describes transporter-mediated drug disposition, a newly emerging field in drug therapy. It gives a comprehensive summary of drug transport across biological membranes in the liver, brain, kidney, and intestine."

"This reference handbook is the first to provide a comprehensive overview, systematically characterizing all known transporters involved in drug elimination and resistance. Combining recent knowledge on all known classes of drug carriers, from microbes to man, it begins with a look at human and mammalian transporters. This is followed by microbial, fungal and parasitic transporters with special attention given to transport across those physiological barriers relevant for drug uptake, distribution and excretion. As a result, this key resource lays the foundations for understanding and investigating the molecular mechanisms for multidrug resistance in cancer cells, microbial resistance to antibiotics and pharmacokinetics in general."