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"Niosomes are non ionic surfactant vesicles that have potential application in the delivery of hydrophobic or amphilic drugs. We developed proniosomes, a dry formulation using a maltodextrin as a carrier coated with non ionic surfactant, which can be used to produce niosomes within a minutes by addition of hot waterfollowed by agitation. A novel method is reported here for rapid preparation of proniosomes with wide range of surfactant loading. Maltodextrin DE 5-10 was hidrolyzed from tapioca starch using Thermamyl L 120 da Novo at 85o C. The result from SEM analyses shown that proniosomes appear very similar to the maltodextrin, but the surface was more smooth. Niosome suspensions which was observed under the optical microscopy and particle size analyzer were evaluated asdrug carrier using ibuprofen as a model. The result provide an indication of maltodextrin DE 5-10 from tapioca starch are potentialy carrier in the proniosome preparation which can be used for producing niosomes. "

"Liposom merupakan suatu sistem pembawa obat berbentuk vesikel yang dapat mengenkapsulasi siprofloksasin HCl dan berpotensi untuk memgatasi infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Multidrug Resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat liposom siprofloksasin HCl unilamellar yang steril dengan metode sterilisasi filtrasi. Metode hidrasi lapis tipis yang digunakan akan menghasilkan liposom Multilamellar Vesicle (MLV). Liposom MLV yang dihasilkan dilakukan pengecilan ukuran partikel secara ekstrusi melewati membran polikarbonat 0,45 μm sebanyak 1 siklus dan disterilisasi secara filtrasi dengan membran selulosa asetat 0,22 μm sebanyak 5 siklus untuk mendapatkan liposom unilamellar yang kecil. Suspensi liposom steril yang didapat kemudian dipisahkan secara sentrifugasi dandiuji sterilitasnya pada medium tioglikolat cair dan plat agar darah. Efisiensi penjerapan liposom menurun seiring dengan proses ekstrusi melewati membran 0,45 μm dan 0,22 μm dimana mengalami penurunan efisiensi penjerapan berturut-turut sebesar 71,46%, 33,94%, 30,37% pada liposom formula I dan liposom formula II sebesar 90,96%, 44,83%, 36,11%. Proses ekstrusi dengan membran 0,45 μm dan 0,22 μm dapat menghasilkan ukuran liposom yang kecil, namun belum dapat menyerupai ukuran pori membran. Selain itu, penambahan asam oleat cenderung meningkatkan ukuran diameter liposom. Liposom siprofloksasin HCl yang dihasilkan terbukti tidak steril setelah diujikan pada medium tioglikolat cair dan plat agar darah.

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Liposome is a vesicular drug delivery system that able to encapsulate ciprofloxacin HCl, and have potential to cure an infection that caused by Multi Drug Resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. This study aimed to produce sterile and unilamellar ciprofloxacin HCl liposome usingfiltration sterilization method. Thin-film hydration method will be use to produce Multilamellar Liposome Vesicle (MLV). Later, the MLV liposome, will going through a particle size reduction using extrusion method through polycarbonate membrane (pore size 0.45 μm) for 1 cycle and being sterilized by filtration through cellulose acetate membrane (pore size 0.22 μm) for five cycles to get the small unilamellar liposome. The sterile liposome suspension is separated using centrifugation method and its sterilities will be test on medium thioglychollate fluid and blood agar plate. The entrapment efficiency of liposome decrease along the extrusion process through 0.45 μm and 0.22 μm membrane, of which the entrapment efficiency decreased respectively by 71.46%, 33.94%, 30.37% for formula I and 90.96%, 44.83%, 36.11% for formula II. The extrusion process through 0.45 μm and 0.22 μm membrane can produce the small size liposome, but still can not reach the average diameter of membrane pore size. Moreover, mostly the addition of oleic acid will increase the diameter size of liposome. Ciprofloxacin HCl liposome is proved to be unsterile according to the sterility test in fluid thioglycollate medium and blood agar plate."

"Asam kojat merupakan zat aktif yang telah secara luas dimanfaatkan sebagai agen pencerah kulit dan umumnya diformulasikan untuk penggunaan secara topikal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi konsentrasi kolesterol terhadap karakteristik niosom yang mengandung asam kojat. Pada penelitian ini diformulasikan sebanyak 3 formula niosom dengan variasi konsentrasi kolesterol yang dibuat dengan metode injeksi eter. Hasil uji karakterisasi menunjukkan peningkatan ukuran partikel dari 159,17 ± 16,38 nm hingga 579,03 ± 7,06 nm seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi kolesterol, namun menunjukkan hubungan yang tidak linier secara berkelanjutan pada efisiensi penjerapan niosom dengan persentase yang diperoleh secara berturut-turut untuk formula F1, F2, dan F3 yaitu 10,18 ± 0,179%; 35,28 ± 0,174%; dan 24,26 ± 0%. Formula F2 yang mengandung sebanyak 1% kolesterol dengan perbandingan 1:1 dengan campuran surfaktan menghasilkan karakteristik terbaik dengan ukuran partikel 353,17 ± 30,29 nm; indeks polidispersitas 0,321 ± 0,030; potensial zeta -40,80 ± 0,92 mV; dan efisiensi penjerapan 35,28 ± 0,174%. Formula F2 selanjutnya digunakan untuk uji penetrasi in vitro dengan membran sintetik selulosa asetat dengan larutan asam kojat dalam pelarut PBS pH 7,4 sebagai kontrol positif. Hasil uji penetrasi selama 6 jam menunjukkan jumlah kumulatif asam kojat yang terpenetrasi per luas membran dari larutan asam kojat dalam PBS pH 7,4 adalah 11926,56 ± 299,03 μg/cm2, sementara untuk niosom asam kojat adalah 9886,47 ± 350,91 μg/cm2.

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Kojic acid is an active ingredient that has been widely used as a skin whitening agent and is generally formulated for topical use. This study aims to evaluate the effect of varying cholesterol concentrations on the characteristics of kojic acid-loaded niosomes. In this study, three niosome formulas were formulated with variations in cholesterol concentration using the ether injection method. The characterization test results showed an increase in particle size from 159.17 ± 16.38 nm to 579.03 ± 7.06 nm as the cholesterol concentration increased, but exhibited a non-linear relationship with niosome entrapment efficiency. The percentages obtained for formulas F1, F2, and F3 were 10.18 ± 0.179%, 35.28 ± 0.174%, and 24.26 ± 0%. The F2 formula, which contains 1% cholesterol in a 1:1 ratio with the surfactant mixture, showed the best characteristics with a particle size of 353.17 ± 30.29 nm, polydispersity index of 0.321 ± 0.030, zeta potential of -40.80 ± 0.92 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 35.28 ± 0.174%. Formula F2 was subsequently used for in vitro penetration testing with a synthetic cellulose acetate membrane, using a kojic acid solution in PBS pH 7.4 as the positive control. The results of the 6-hours penetration test showed the total cumulative mass of kojic acid penetrating per membrane area from the kojic acid solution in PBS pH 7.4 was 11926.56 ± 299.03 μg/cm2, while the kojic acid niosome was 9886.47 ± 350.91 μg/cm2.

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