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"The work presented in this thesis is divided two subjects. First, devoted to the behavior, mechanic model, simulation and analysis of plate tectonics under excitation force approximated. Approach of an Earthquake are assumptions on the nature of the rupture process, review the evidence for the essential importance of the flow under plate with the modes of deformations.

Earthquake is primarily a mechanical process which appears as genuire rupture of crust and the earth behaves as an elastic body during the short time span of the phenomena. The friction has probably a fundamental role in the mechanics of the earthquakes. Rock mechanicians consider an earthquake as a stick-slip event controlled by the friction properties of the fault.

During an earthquake, on the nature of the fault and on the effect of trapped fluids within the crust at seismogenic depth, fault zone head seismic waves are generated by a shear-dislocation source and then propagated through the modeled earth medium. Wave propagation theory is used to solve the problem at hand for wave motion response, which is found as the superposition of the mean and scattered wave response.

Second, devoted model of the wave propagation, an important modeling tool of fault zone properties at depth can be provided by accurate simulations of seismic fault zone head and trapped waves for realistic structures. Analytical solutions for seismic wave fields generated by double-couple sources at material discontinuities in plane-parallel structures. Extensive 2D studies of the dependency of fault zone wave motion on basic media properties and source receiver geometries show that there are significant trade offs between propagation distances along the structure, fault zone width, impedance contrasts, source location within.

And the most important applications of the theory of structural dynamics is in analyzing the response of the structures to ground shaking caused by an earthquake. The study for earthquake response of linear SDF systems to earthquake motions concerned the displacement, velocity and acceleration. Then we introduced the response spectrum concept, which is central to earthquake engineering, together with procedures to determine the peak response of systems directly from the response spectrum."

"Efek gempabumi di permukaan tanah sangat dipengaruhi oleh jenis tanah yang dilalui oleh spektrum gempabumi. Wilayah Jakarta dan sekitarnya mempunyai jenis tanah yang sangar bervariasi. Ada 2 (dua) lokasi yang digunakan sebagai lokasi penelitian, yakni Kompleks UI Depok dan Kompleks BI Jakarta Komplek UI Depok mempunyai jenis tanah yang Iebih keras dibandingkan dengan tanah yang ada di Kompleks BI Jakarta.Simulasi Monte - Carlo pada program aplikasi SHAKE2000 digunakan untuk membantu mengolah dan menganalisa response spektrum dan percepatan puncak muka tanah (PGA) pada Iokasi penelitian. Ada 2 (dua) sumber gempabumi dengan frequensi content berbeda yang digunakan sebagai input motion, yakni gempabumi Elcentro dan gempabumi Mexico.Hasil pengolahan dengan SHAKE2000 menunjuklcan nilai response spektrum dan percepatan puncak muka tanah yang lebih besar diperoleh pada Iokasi dengan jenis tanah yang lebih lunak. Efek gempabumi Elcentro pada Komplek UI Depok menghasilkan nilai PGA rata - rata sebesar 0,41 g dan nilai response spektrum sebesar 1,3 g. Untuk Kompleks BI Jakarta mempunyai nilai PGA rata-rata sebesar 0,42 dan nilai response spektrumnya 1,3 g. Efek gempabumi Mexico pada Kompleks UI Depok menghasilkan nilaf PGA rata - rata sebesar 0,33 dan nilai response spektrum sebesar 1,3 g. Untuk Kompleks BI Jakarta mempunyai nilai PGA rata - rata sebesar 0,32 dengan nilai response spektrumnya sebesar 1,2 g."

"Studi ini meneliti tentang bangunan X bertingkat banyak di Jakarta yang dibangun di atas bangunan cagar budaya. Struktur yang terdiri dari struktur rangka baja dan sistem prategang digunakan sebagai balok transfer untuk memindahkan dan meneruskan beban-beban dari lantai-lantai atas ke kolom-kolom pendukung. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan gaya geser, perpindahan, gaya dalam, dan kebutuhan penulangan seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah lantai. Selanjutnya, dalam variasi jumlah strand pada kabel prategang, karakteristik dinamik dan kebutuhan tulangan yang terjadi relatif sama, namun perpindahan vertikal yang terjadi semakin kecil dengan bertambahnya jumlah strand yang digunakan. Profil baja yang digunakan semakin kecil dengan meningkatnya jumlah strand yang digunakan pada sistem prategang luar.

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This study examines the multi-storey X-builing located in Jakarta, built above heritage building. Structure consisting of steel truss and external prestressing system is used as transfer beam to transfer and allocate loads from upper floors to supoorting columns.

This study shows an increase in shear force, displacement, internal forces, and the need for reinforcement as the number of floors increase. Furthermore, variation in the number of strands in prestressed cables gives relatively similar dynamic characteristic and reinforcement need, although vertical displacement that occurs gets smaller with increasing number of strands used. Steel profiles used are increasingly smaller as the number of strands used in external prestressing system increase."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang bangunan X di Jakarta yakni bangunan gedung bertingkat di atas bangunan cagar budaya. Sesuai dengan peraturan yang ada, bangunan cagar budaya harus dilestarikan. Oleh karena itu, digunakan balok transfer di atas bangunan cagar budaya yang berperan memindahkan dan meneruskan beban ke kolom pendukung. Balok transfer dari rangka baja digunakan untuk mempermudah proses konstruksi.Adapun sistem transfer tidak boleh mengalami kegagalan di awal sehingga harus diperhitungkan terhadap suatu faktor kuat lebih. Karena Indonesia merupakan negara rawan gempa, perlu dilakukan analisis seismik dalam desain bangunan. Dalam peraturan gempa yang berlaku, bangunan dengan balok transfer juga harus diperhitungkan terhadap gempa arah vertikal. Penelitian ini menunjukkan peningkatan gaya geser, perpindahan, gaya dalam, dan kebutuhan penulangan seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah lantai. Selanjutnya, dalam variasi sistem sambungan, diketahui bahwa bangunan dengan rangka transfer rigid lebih efektif penggunaannya dibandingkan rangka transfer dengan sambungan sendi. Perbedaan karakteristik dinamik dalam variasi sambungan tidak terlalu signifikan akibat kekakuan kedua bangunan yang hampir sama pula. Adapun desain bangunan bertingkat dengan rangka transfer pada penelitian ini dominan dikontrol oleh beban gravitasi.

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This study discuss about X building in Jakarta that is multistory building above heritage building. According to the applicable regulations, the building of cultural heritage should be preserved. Therefore, transfer beam is used above heritage building which transfers and transmits load to its supporting columns. Transfer beam from steel truss is used to simplify the process of construction. The transfer system should not fail at the beginning so it must be considered againts an over strength factor. As Indonesia is a country that vulnerable to earthquakes, the seismic analysis should be done in the building design. Base on the aplicable regulation of earthquake, the bulding with transfer truss must also be considered to vertical direction of earthquake.

The study shows the enhancement in shear force, displacement, internal forces, and reinforcement requirement along with the increasing number of storey. Furthermore, in variation of connections system, is known that transfer truss with rigid connection is more effective than transfer truss with pinned connection. The differences of dynamic characteristics in the variation of connection are not too significant due to the stiffness of the two buildings are almost same. The design of multistory building with transfer truss in this study is predominantly controlled by gravity loads."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghindari terjadinya kegagalan struktur jembatan selama tahap konstruksi, terutama akibat gempa. Jembatan kabel Suramadu yang memiliki bentang utama 818 meter dengan 89 tahap konstruksi, dipengaruhi oleh tiga rekaman gempa berbeda, yaitu gempa Banyuwangi Maret 2011, gempa jember Februari 2011, dan gempa Nusadua September 2009. Analisis riwayat waktu dilakukan agar diperoleh respon struktur dari detik ke detik selama gempa berlansung. Analisis displacement, tegangan pada gelagar, gaya kabel, dan pengaruh rasio redaman struktur, dilakukan pada setiap tahapan konstruksi dan dievaluasi sesuai dengan persyaratan dan peraturan yang ada.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa respon gempa pada struktur jembatan atas tidak hanya bergantung pada karakteristik dari rekaman gempa yaitu durasi, kandungan frekuensi, percepatan tanah maksimum (PGA), akan tetapi juga bergantung pada karakteristik struktur yaitu massa, kekakuan, dan redaman.

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ABSTRACTThis study aims to avoid bridge structure failure during the construction stages, primarily due to earthquake. Suramadu cable-stayed bridge which has main spans 818 m with 89 stages of construction was studied to 3 different earthquakes, namely Banyuwangi earthquake March 2011, Jember earthquake February 2011, and Nusadua earthquake September 2009. Time history analysis was carried out in order to obtain responses of the structure anytime during the earthquake occurred. Analysis of displacement, stress on the girder, cable forces, and also influence of structural damping ratio, was performed at each stage of construction and was evaluated in accordance with the existing requirements and appropriate regulations.The results showed that the seismic responses of upper bridge structures depends not only on the characteristics of earthquake records, namely duration, frequency content, and maximum ground acceleration (PGA), but also on the structural characteristics, namely mass, stiffness, and damping."

"The Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering is designed to be the authoritative and comprehensive referencecovering all major aspects of the science of earthquake engineering, specifically focusing on the interactionbetween earthquakes and infrastructure. The encyclopedia comprises approximately 300 contributions. Since earthquake engineering deals with the interaction between earthquake disturbances and the built infrastructure, the emphasis is on basic design processes important to both non-specialists and engineers so that readers become suitably well informed without needing to deal with the details of specialist understanding. The encyclopedia’s content provides technically-inclined and informed readers about the ways in which earthquakes can affect our infrastructure and how engineers would go about designing against, mitigating and remediating these effects. The coverage ranges from buildings, foundations, underground construction, lifelines and bridges, roads, embankments and slopes. The encyclopedia also aims to provide cross-disciplinary and cross-domain information to domain-experts. This is the first single reference encyclopedia of this breadth and scope that brings together the science, engineering and technological aspects of earthquakes and structures."