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"ABSTRACTJarak pagar (Jatropha curcasL.), salah satu tanaman sumber bahan bakar nabati tropis, telah terkenal karena ketahanannya terhadapcekaman kekeringan, akan tetapi, kemampuannya untuk tumbuh pada lingkungan yang kering masih jarang diteliti.Perubahan status air daun, kadar klorofil, suhu permukaan daun, konduktansi stomata, kadar prolin danabcisic acid (ABA), laju transpirasi dan fotosintesis dikaji pada empat genotip jarak pakar (IP-1A, IP-2M, Unggul lokal dan Daunkuning) yang diperlakukan cekaman kekeringan pada lahan pasir pantai di Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Cekaman kekeringan menurunkan secara signifikan status air daun, kadar klorofil daun, konduktansi stomata, laju transpirasi dan fotosintesis, dan meningkatkan suhu daun, kadar prolin dan ABA. Genotip tahan (IP-1A dan IP-2M) memiliki status air daun, kadar klorofil dan laju fotosintesis lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan genotip yang peka (Unggullokal dan Daun kuning). Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang nyata di ntara genotip jarak pagar terhadap suhu daun, konduktansi stomata dan laju transpirasi.

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AbstractJatropha curcas L., an important tropical biofuel crop, is reputed for its drought resistance, however, its ability to perform in dry conditions has still hardly been investigated. Changes in leaf water status, chlorophyll content, leaf surface temperature, stomatal conductance, proline and abcisic acid (ABA) content, transpiration and photosyntheticrate were studied in fourJatropha genotypes (IP-1A, IP-2M, Local superior and Yellow leaf) and subjected to drought stress in coastal sandy land conditions in Central Java, Indonesia. Drought stress significantly decreased the leaf water status, leaf chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthetic rate, and increased leaftemperature, proline and ABA content. Resistant genotypes (IP-1A and IP-2M) had significantly higher leaf water status, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate than susceptible genotypes (Local superior and Yellow leaf). There were no differences between theJatropha genotypes on leaf temperature, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian pada Macaca nigra di penangkaran. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui strategi adaptasi yaki yang hidup di Pusat Primata Schmutzer, Taman Margasatwa Ragunan, Jakarta melalui pengamatan perilaku makan. Penelitian pada empat individu yaki (1 jantan dan 3 betina) dilakukan selama bulan April 2013--Mei 2013 menggunakan metode scan animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Jumlah jam pengamatan setiap hari adalah 4 jam sehingga total pengamatan selama 20 hari adalah 80 jam. Jumlah titik sampel per harinya berjumlah 48 sampel sehingga total titik sampel selama 20 hari adalah 960 titik sampel. Tabulasi data disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan grafik serta dianalisis secara deskriptif. Rerata aktivitas makan harian masing-masing individu menunjukkan bahwa Jenny (betina dewasa usia 8 tahun) merupakan individu dengan rerata aktivitas makan tertinggi (60.32 ± 0.08%), diikuti dengan Nonik (betina dewasa usia 14 tahun) (58.06 ± 0.11%), Rani (betina muda usia 2 tahun) (55.05 ± 0.08%), dan Ramos (jantan dewasa usia 13 tahun) (45.27 ± 0.07%). Perbedaan frekuensi aktivitas makan antara kelompok yaki di penangkaran dengan kelompok yaki di alam menunjukkan adanya strategi adaptasi tersendiri pada kelompok yaki tersebut terhadap habitatnya.

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It has been done research on Macaca nigra in captivity. A study on adaptation strategies of yaki whose living in Schmutzer Primate Center, Ragunan Zoo, Jakarta through observation of feeding behavior. Research on four individuals yaki (1 male and 3 females) have been done during April 2013--May 2013 using the scan animal sampling and ad libitum sampling methods. The number of hours of observation each day is 4 hours so the total observation period of 20 days is 80 hours. Tabulation of the data presented in tables and graphs and analyzed descriptively. The mean of daily feeding activity of each individual showed that Jenny (8 years old adult female) is an individual with the highest mean feeding activity (60.32 ± 0.08%) followed by Nonik (14 years old adult female) (58.06 ± 0.11%), Rani (2 years old young female) (55.05 ± 0.08%), and Ramos (13 years old adult male) (45.27 ± 0.07%). The difference of feeding behaviour frequencies between yaki group in captivity and nature shows distinct adaptation strategy toward their habitat."

"Usaha peningkatan produksi garam nasional belum berkembang, termasuk dalam usaha peningkatan kualitasnya. Peningkatan kualitas garam rakyat dapat dilakukan dengan pengendalian air laut sebagai bahan baku garam melalui teknik bioabsorbsi bahan pengotor berupa kalsium dan magnesium. Penelitian dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan Gracilaria sp. sebagai bioabsorben kalsium dan magnesium. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan keberadaan Gracilaria sp. tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap perubahan kandungan kalsium dan magnesium pada perairan tambak. Kandungan rata-rata kalsium pada tambak kontrol ±878,26 mg/liter dan tambak perlakuan ±977,41 mg/liter. Namun demikian terdapat korelasi positif yang signifikan (sig.=0,814) antara lama waktu penanaman dan kandungan kalsium dalam rumput laut dengan kandungan kalsium tertinggi ±1.306,5 mg/100g terjadi pada hari ke-75. Adapun lama waktu penanaman dan kandungan magnesium dalam Gracilaria sp. terjadi korelasi negatif yang kuat (sig.= -0,673) yaitu ±36,10 mg/100g pada hari ke-75. Terdapat juga korelasi positif secara kuat antara kandungan kalsium pada Gracilaria sp. dengan salinitas dan pH perairan. Disimpulkan bahwa pemanfaatan rumput laut jenis Gracilaria sp. sebagai bioabsorben mampu menyerap kalsium sebagai pengotor dari air bahan baku garam, dan belum mampu secara optimal untuk penyerapan magnesium pada perairan tambak garam. Atas hasil penelitian disarankan dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mendapatkan manfaat dari Gracilaria sp. secara optimal sebagai bioabsorben pada tambak garam. Penelitian lanjutan di antaranya melalui teknik penanaman Gracilaria sp. sebagai bioabsorben paling efektif sehingga mendapatkan kualitas air bahan baku garam yang paling tepat.

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The efforts to increase the national salt production has not been growing, including to improve its quality. To increase the quality of traditional salt can be done by controlling the sea water quality as raw material through bioabsorbtion salt impurities techniques, such as calcium and magnesium. The study was conducted by utilizing bioabsorbent Gracilaria sp.. The results showed the presence of Gracilaria sp. did not significantly influence the changes of calcium and magnesium content in the water of salt pond. The average content of calcium in the control pond was 878.26 mg/liter and the treatment ponds 977.41 mg/liter. However, positive correlations significantly occurred (sig. = 0.814) between duration of planting and calcium content in Gracilaria sp. with the highest calcium content that was 1306.5 mg/100g occurred in the 75th day. The duration of planting and the content of magnesium in Gracilaria sp. showed negative correlation (sig. = -0.673) that was 36.10 mg/100g on the 75th day. There was a strong positive correlation between calcium content in Gracilaria sp. with salinity and pH of the water. The research concluded that the use of Gracilaria sp. as bioabsorbent was able to absorb calcium as impurities from salt pond water. Contrary, it was unable to optimize the absorption of magnesium in the water of salt pond. It is recommended to continue research to get the optimal benefits of Gracilaria sp. as a bioabsorbent in the brackishwater ponds. It is suggested to alter the seaweed cultivation techniques as bioabsorbent to get the most appropriate quality of raw material salt water."

"This book traces the development of life's defense systems-the mechanisms that transform, excrete, and stow away potentially harmful chemicals-from more than three billion years ago to today."

"The book describes the general stress responses in microorganisms, plants, and animals to abiotic and biotic, to natural and anthropogenic stressors. These stress responses include the activation of oxygen, the biotransformation system, the stress proteins, and the metal-binding proteins. The potential of stress response lies in the transcription of genes, whereas the actual response is manifested by proteins and metabolites. Yet, not all stress responses are in the genes : micro-RNAs and epigenetics play central roles. Multiple stressors, such as environmental realism, do not always act additively, they may even diminish one another. Furthermore, one stressor often prepares the subject for the next one to come and may produce extended lifespans and increased offspring numbers, thus causing shifts in population structures. This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of the ecological and evolutionary effects of stress."