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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Sel oval merupakan sel punca tetap pada hepar dewasa, ditandai oleh OV6, yang terlibat dalam proses regenerasi. Sel oval ditemukan pada masa embrional dan memiliki kemiripan dengan hepatoblast, ditandai oleh AFP. Sel oval diduga merupakan sisa hepatoblast embrio. Hubungan antara keduanya belum diketahui pasti; pola dan distribusi ekspresi OV6 dan AFP pada masa perkembangan belum diketahui. Dilakukan penelitian observasional analitik pada hati tikus Wistar usia ED12.5, ED14.5, ED16.5, ED18.5, neonatus, tikus 8 minggu dan 7 bulan. Jaringan diproses secara histologis. Dilakukan pewarnaan HE dan imunohistokimia OV6 dan AFP . Ekspresi OV6 terlihat pada ED16.5 di sel lempeng duktal yang merupakan duktus biliaris primitif. Ekspresi OV6 mencapai puncak di neonatus dan menurun saat dewasa. Ekspresi OV6 pada neonatus dan dewasa terlihat di duktus biliaris, kanal Hering, dan area periporta. Ekspresi AFP sudah terlihat sejak ED12.5, mencapai puncak pada ED18.5, dan menurun postnatal. AFP terekspresi pada sel hepatoblast. Pada kondisi hati normal, tidak semua sel yang mengekspresikan OV6 juga mengekspresikan AFP. Ekspresi OV6 berkaitan dengan pembentukan duktus biliaris. Ekspresi AFP berkaitan dengan aktivitas proliferasi sel hepatoblast maupun sel oval. Peningkatan ekspresi AFP dan OV6 menunjukkan proliferasi sel oval yang ditemukan pada kondisi kerusakan hati kronis.

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ABSTRACT
Oval cells, identified with OV6, are resident stem cells in adult liver that involved in liver regeneration. These cells are found during embryonic liver development and have similar characteristics with fetal hepatoblast. It is thought that oval cells are fetal hepatoblast remnants. However, relationship between oval cells and hepatoblasts, expression patterns and distribution of OV6 and AFP in liver development are not yet known. Observational analytic studies were done on Wistar rat rsquo s livers ED12.5, ED14.5, ED16.5, ED18.5, neonates, 8 weeks, and 7 months . The tissues were histologically processed and stained with HE and immunohistochemistry OV6 and AFP . OV6 expression appeared at age ED16.5 in ductal plate cells which are primitive bile ducts, reached peak in neonates and decreased in adults. In neonates and adults rats, OV6 expression were distributed in bile ducts, canal of Hering, and periportal. AFP were expressed in hepatoblasts, started at ED12.5, reached peak at ED18.5, decreased after birth. In normal liver, AFP was not expressed in all OV6 cells. OV6 expression are related to bile duct formation. Meanwhile, AFP expression are associated with proliferative activity of hepatoblasts and oval cells. Increased expression of AFP and OV6 indicates proliferation of oval cells found in chronic liver injury.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Disertasi ini ditulis untuk menguji apakah posisi etika dalam menghadapi riset yang menyangkut embryo manusia dalam riset stem cells yang diperoleh dengan cara menghancurkan embryo manusis dianggap sama dengan membunuh manusia. Terutama setelah para peneliti membuktikan di laboratorium bahwa manfaat yang akan dicapai adalah memberikan kesembuhan pada penyakit degeneratif yang tidak dapat disembuhkan oleh pengobatan kontermporer. Stem cells yang berasal dari embryo itu telah terbukti dapat mengganti seluruh sel utama yang rusak atau mati. Apakah etika akan berdiri di luar gelanggang dengan mengatakan bahwa penelitian itu bertentangan dengan etika dan karena itu harus dihentikan, ataukah etika akan tetap menjadi dasar moral bagi para peneliti yang jelas tidak menginginkan penelitiannya dihentikan.? Apakah embryo sudah mempunyai status persona? Perdebatan tentang status moral embryo inilah yang menjadi dasar dari ditentangnya penggunaan embryo manusia dalam riset. Teori-teori etika deontologi Immanuel Kant [1724 ? 1804] dan utilitarian Jeremy Bentham [1748 - 1832] maupun Etika Situasi Joseph Fletcher, dipakai sebagai dasar untuk menguji apakah riset itu bertentangan dengan etika atau tidak. Masalah embryo yang dianggap merupakan awal kehidupan manusia yang telah mengandung genetika manusia ini apakah patut dirusak demi untuk penyembuhan orang lain? Empat abad SM masalah embryo ini telah dibahas secara serius oleh Aristoteles [384 ? 322 SM]. Melalui teori epigenetiknya, ia membagi embryo menjadi embryo yang belum berbentuk dan yang sudah berbentuk. Dalam embryo yang belum berbentuk belum ada kehidupan. Hanya pada embryo yang sudah berbentuk terdapat kehidupan. Pada abad ke 17 ditemukan teori preformation yang menyatakan bahwa dalam sperma dan sel telur sudah ada bentuk manusia yang lengkap, sudah ada homunculus?manusia kecil. Debat berkepanjangan tentang hal ini tidak akan pernah berakhir. Hanya saja ada satu hal yang sering dilupakan tatakala membicarakan embryo yang digunakan dalam penelitian stem cells itu. Embryo yang digunakan adalah bukan embryo yang di dalam rahim tetapi embryo di luar rahim, yang ada di dalam cawan petri di laboratorium yang tidak mungkin akan berkembang menjadi manusia. Melihat praktek tentang riset hES cells ini di beberapa negara telah memberikan manfaat yang dapat dihasilkan bukan hanya dibidang kesehatan atau kedokteran terapeutik tetapi juga dibidang ekonomi bangsa maka saya melihat bahwa riset hES cells ini perlu dilanjutkan, dengan tetap didasari oleh etika sebagai norma moral yang memberikan rambu-rambu yang jelas yaitu manfaat yang akan dicapai harus didasari oleh keutamaan kemanusiaan yaitu emerging ethics.

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ABSTRACT
This dissertation is written to assess the ethics of stem cells research involving human embryos, where the controversial destruction of human embryos required by current state of technology to create human embryonic stem cells is often viewed as killing innocent human creatures. The ethical evaluation of such viewpoint is important in light of laboratory results showing significant benefits of the science, on developing treatments for physical, degenerative and genetic diseases that are not curable using contemporary medicine. Stem cells that originate from embryos have been proven to be able to completely replace damaged or dead cells. Will ethics stand outside of the arena by stating that such research is unethical and must be discontinued, or will ethics stand as a moral basis for the researchers that are pursuing the science? Is a human embryo considered a person? Debates regarding the moral status of embryos have been the source of rejection in the use of human embryos for such scientific researches. Deontological ethics of Immanuel Kant [1724-1804] and Utilitarian of Jeremy Bentham [1748-1832] as well as Situational Ethics of Joseph Fletcher, have been used as bases when evaluating whether or not a research is unethical. Can human embryos, seen as the commencing platform of human life with complete genetic formation, be destroyed in order to provide cure for other humans? Aristoteles [384-322 BC] extensively discussed this issue through his epigenetics theory, where embryos are divided into two stages: unformed and formed; life begins only when they are formed. In the 17th century, the establishment of the preformation theory challenges this view by stating that homunculus (little human) already exists from within the human sperm and egg cells. Such debates will never end. However, often time debates surrounding this topic fail to underline the fact that the human embryos involved are not in utero (in the womb), but they reside in the petri dishes across the laboratories, without any possibility of forming into humans. Seeing that practices regarding hES cells research across various countries have shown to provide benefits not only on health, medical and therapeutic areas, but on economy as well, I believe that such researches need to continue to be pursued with ethics being the moral norm, providing them with concrete guides and benefits that are based on humanity, as emerging ethics.

Abstrak :
This book presents in-depth coverage of both the clinical and molecular biological aspects of human development. It examines the relationship between basic science and embryology, and describes potential clinical disorders arising out of embryologic problems. A strong clinical focus, practical design, and superb artwork-with more than 150 images new to this edition-allow for quick comprehension and easy application of the latest knowledge in this rapidly advancing field. A user-friendly design enables you to review the material in several ways, and online access to Student Consult enhances your study of the subject and exponentially boosts your reference power. Follows a user-friendly design allowing students to review material in flexible ways and instructors to tailor the book to their specific needs. Reflects the most current advances in molecular biology and genetics. Offers chapters with illustrated timelines of the relevant embryologic stage. Contains a high-quality full-color art program, with excellent line diagrams with a three-dimensional aspect, many color photographs of clinical disorders, excellent black and white electronphotomicrographs, and line drawings showing sequential stages of development.

Abstrak :
This book presents in-depth coverage of both the clinical and molecular biological aspects of human development. It examines the relationship between basic science and embryology, and describes potential clinical disorders arising out of embryologic problems. A strong clinical focus, practical design, and superb artwork-with more than 150 images new to this edition-allow for quick comprehension and easy application of the latest knowledge in this rapidly advancing field. A user-friendly design enables you to review the material in several ways, and online access to Student Consult enhances your study of the subject and exponentially boosts your reference power. Follows a user-friendly design allowing students to review material in flexible ways and instructors to tailor the book to their specific needs. Reflects the most current advances in molecular biology and genetics. Offers chapters with illustrated timelines of the relevant embryologic stage. Contains a high-quality full-color art program, with excellent line diagrams with a three-dimensional aspect, many color photographs of clinical disorders, excellent black and white electronphotomicrographs, and line drawings showing sequential stages of development.

Abstrak :
This volume looks at induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, mature cells that have been genetically reprogrammed so that they return to their embryonic state.

Abstrak :
The goal of this volume is to comprehensively cover a highly readable overview on our present knowledge of the role of Notch signalling for embryology and cancer, with a focus on new findings in molecular biology. Topics that are discussed in-depth by leading researchers and clinicians range from the newest findings in cellular and molecular pathology to new concepts for prophylaxis and treatment of cancer.